lect10-第4章

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connecting　the　English　and　Irish　Law　of　Distress；　I　find　it


difficult　to　distinguish　between　those　who　believe　in　the　direct


derivation　of　the　English　law　from　pre…existing　Celtic　customs


common　to　Britain　and　Ireland；　and　those　who　see　a　sufficient


explanation　of　the　resemblances　between　the　two　sets　of　rules　in


their　common　parentage。　I　am　not　at　all　prepared　to　deny　that


recent　researches；　and　particularly　those　into　old　French


customary　law；　render　it　easier　to　believe　than　it　once　was　that


portions　of　primitive　or　aboriginal　custom　survive　the　most


desolating　conquests。　But　I　need　scarcely　say　that　the　hypothesis


of　the　direct　descent　of　any　considerable　branch　of　English　law


from　British　usage　is　beset　by　extraordinary　difficulties；　of


which　not　the　least　is　the　curiously　strong　case　which　may　also


be　made　out　for　the　purely　Roman　origin　of　a　good　many


institutions　and　rules　which　we　are　used　to　consider　purely


English　and　Germanic。　On　this　last　point　a　very　interesting


little　volume；　which　has　attracted　too　little　notice；　Mr　Coote's


'Neglected　Fact　in　English　History；'　may　be　read　with　advantage；


and　should　be　compared　with　the　reply　to　its　arguments；　on　the


whole　a　successful　one；　which　Mr。　Freeman　published　in


'Macmillan's　Magazine；　for　July；　1870。　The　true　rival　of　all


these　theories　of　the　derivation　of　one　body　of　custom　from


another　is；　of　course；　the　theory　of　the　common　descent　of　all


from　an　original　basis　of　usage　which　we　must；　provisionally　at


all　events；　call　Aryan。　Confining　ourselves　to　the　practice　which


we　have　been　investigating；　the　remedy　for　supposed　wrong　by


distress；　if　there　could　be　a　doubt　of　its　being　a　legacy　from


the　primitive　Aryan　usages；　it　would　be　removed　by　the　remarkable


detail　which　connects　the　Irish　with　the　Hindoo　law。　The　Irish


rules　of　distraint　very　strongly　resemble　the　English　rules；　less


strongly　resemble　the　Continental　Teutonic　rules；　but　they


include　one　rule　not　found　in　any　Teutonic　Code；　almost


unintelligible　in　the　Irish　system；　but　known　to　govern　conduct


even　at　this　hour　all　over　the　East；　where　its　meaning　is


perfectly　clear。　This　is　the　rule　that　a　creditor　who　requires


payment　from　a　debtor　of　higher　rank　than　himself　shall　'fast


upon　him。'　What　possible　explanation　will　cover　all　the　fact


except　that　the　primitive　Aryans　bequeathed　the　remedy　of


distress　to　the　communities　which　sprang　from　them；　and　that


varieties　of　detail　have　been　produced　by　what　Dr。　Sullivan；　in


his　Introduction；　has　happily　called　dynamical　influences？


　　　　Here　is　the　leading　provision　of　the　Senchus　Mor　on　the


subject　（i。　113）：　


　　　　'Notice　precedes　every　distress　in　the　case　of　the　inferior


grades　except　it　be　by　persons　of　distinction　or　upon　persons　of


distinction。　Fasting　precedes　distress　in　their　case。　He　who　does


not　give　a　pledge　to　fasting　is　an　evader　of　all；　he　who


disregards　all　things　shall　not　be　paid　by　God　or　man。'


　　　　Mr。　Whitley　Stokes　was　the　first；　I　believe；　to　point　out


that　the　institution　here　referred　to　was　identical　with　a


practice　diffused　over　the　whole　East；　and　called　by　the　Hindoos


'sitting　dharna。'　I　will　presently　read　you　a　passage　in　which


the　proceeding　is　described　as　it　was　found　in　India　before　the


British　government；　which　has　always　regarded　it　as　an　abuse；　had


gone　far　in　its　efforts　to　suppress　it。　But　perhaps　the　most


striking　examples　of　the　ancient　custom　are　to　be　found　at　this


day　in　Persia；　where　（I　am　told）　a　man　intending　to　enforce


payment　of　a　demand　by　fasting　begins　by　sowing　some　barley　at


his　debtor's　door　and　sitting　down　in　the　middle。　The　symbolism


is　plain　enough。　The　creditor　means　that　he　will　stay　where　he　is


without　food；　either　until　he　is　paid　or　until　the　barley…seed


grows　up　and　gives　him　bread　to　eat。


　　　　The　corresponding　Indian　practice　is　known；　I　before　stated；


as　'sitting　dharna'　　dharna；　according　to　the　better　opinion；


being　exactly　equivalent　to　the　Roman　'capio；'　and　meaning


'detention'　or　'arrest。'　Among　the　methods　of　enforcing　payment


of　a　debt　described　in　the　collection　of　rules　attributed　to　the


semi…divine　legislator；　Manu　（viii。　49）；　is　one　which　Sir　William


Jones　renders　'the　mediation　of　friends；'　but　more　recent


Sanscrit　scholars　assert　that　the　expression　of　the　original　text


signifies　'dharna。'　And　in　the　Vyavahara　Mayukha；　a　Brahminical


law…book　of　much　authority；　Brihaspiti；　a　juridical　writer


sometimes　classed　with　Manu；　is　cited　as　enumerating；　among　the


lawful　modes　of　compulsion　by　which　the　debtor　can　be　made　to


pay；　'confining　his　wife；　his　son；　or　his　cattle；　or　watching


constantly　at　his　door。'　This　remarkable　passage　not　only


connects　Hindoo　law　with　Irish　law　through　the　reference　to


'watching　constantly　at　the　door；'　but　it　connects　it　also　with


the　Teutonic；　and　among　them　with　the　English　bodies　of　custom；


by　speaking　of　the　distraint　of　cattle　as　a　method　of　enforcing　a


demand。　We　have　not　in　the　Western　world；　so　far　as　I　am　aware；


any　example　of　so　strong　a　form　of　distress　as　seizing　a　man's


wife　or　children；　but　it　is　somewhat　curious　that　we　have


evidence　of　its　having　been　common　in　ancient　Ireland　to　give　a


son　as　a　pledge　to　the　creditor　for　the　purpose　of　releasing　the


distrained　property。


　　　　Lord　Teignmouth　has　left　us　a　description　（in　Forbes'


'Oriental　Memoirs；'　ii。　25）　of　the　form　which　the　'watching


constantly　at　the　door'　of　Brihaspiti　had　assumed　in　British


India　before　the　end　of　the　last　century。　'The　inviolability　of


the　Brahmin　is　a　fixed　principle　with　the　Hindoos；　and　to　deprive


him　of　life；　either　by　direct　violence　or　by　causing　his　death　in


any　mode；　is　a　crime　which　admits　of　no　expiation。　To　this


principle　may　be　traced　the　practice　called　dharna；　which　may　be


translated　caption　or　arrest。　It　is　used　by　the　Brahmins　to　gain


a　point　which　cannot　be　accomplished　by　any　other　means；　and　the


process　is　as　follows：　The　Brahmin　who　adopts　this　expedient　for


the　purpose　mentioned　proceeds　to　the　door　or　house　of　the　person


against　whom　it　is　directed；　or　wherever　he　may　most　conveniently


arrest　him；　he　then　sits　down　in　dharna　with　poison　or　a　poignard


or　some　other　instrument　of　suicide　in　his　hand；　and　threatening


to　use　it　if　his　adversary　should　attempt　to　molest　or　pass　him；


he　thus　completely　arrests　him。　In　this　situation　the　Brahmin


fasts；　and　by　the　rigour　of　the　etiquette　the　unfortunate　object


of　his　arrest　ought　to　fast　also；　and　thus　they　both　remain　till


the　institutor　of　the　dharna　obtains　satisfaction。　In　this；　as　he


seldom　makes　the　attempt　without　the　resolution　to　persevere；　he


rarely　fails；　for　if　the　party　thus　arrested　were　to　suffer　the


Brahmin　sitting　in　dharna　to　perish　by　hunger；　the　sin　would　for


ever　lie　upon　his　head。　This　practice　has　been　less　frequent　of


late　years；　since　the　institution　of　the　Court　of　Justice　at


Benares　in　1793；　but　the　interference　of　the　Court　and　even　of


the　Resident　has　occasionally　proved　insufficient　to　check　it。'


　　　　You　will　observe　that　the　old　Brahminical　writer　merely


speaks　of　confining　a　man　to　his　house　by　'watching　constantly　at


the　door'　as　one　among　several　modes　of　extorting　satisfaction。


He　classes　it　with　forms　of　distraint　more　intelligible　to　us　


the　seizure　of　the　debtor's　cattle；　of　his　wife；　or　of　his　child。


Though　the　ancient　rule　has　not　descended　to　us　along　with　its


original　context；　we　need　not　doubt　that　even　in　the　earliest


times　it　was　enforced　by　a　supernatural　sanction；　since　every


violation　of　the　Brahminical　Code　was　regarded　by　its　authors　not


only　as　a　civil　offence　but　as　a　sin。　Thus　a　Brahmin　might　quite


well　be　conceived　as　saying　with　the　writer　in　the　Senchus　Mor；