abraham lincoln-第6章
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persistent efforts have been made to confuse the public mind as to
its origin and motives; and to drag the people of the loyal States
down from the national position they had instinctively taken to the
old level of party squabbles and antipathies。 The wholly
unprovoked rebellion of an oligarchy proclaiming negro slavery the
corner…stone of free institutions; and in the first flush of over…hasty
confidence venturing to parade the logical sequence of their leading
dogma; 〃that slavery is right in principle; and has nothing to do with
difference of complexion;〃 has been represented as a legitimate and
gallant attempt to maintain the true principles of democracy。 The
rightful endeavor of an established government; the least onerous
that ever existed; to defend itself against a treacherous attack on its
very existence; has been cunningly made to seem the wicked effort
of a fanatical clique to force its doctrines on an oppressed
population。
Even so long ago as when Mr。 Lincoln; not yet convinced of the
danger and magnitude of the crisis; was endeavoring to persuade
himself of Union majorities at the South; and to carry on a war that
was half peace in the hope of a peace that would have been all war;…
…while he was still enforcing the Fugitive Slave Law; under some
theory that Secession; however it might absolve States from their
obligations; could not escheat them of their claims under the
Constitution; and that slaveholders in rebellion had alone among
mortals the privilege of having their cake and eating it at the same
time;the enemies of free government were striving to persuade the
people that the war was an Abolition crusade。 To rebel without
reason was proclaimed as one of the rights of man; while it was
carefully kept out of sight that to suppress rebellion is the first duty
of government。 All the evils that have come upon the country have
been attributed to the Abolitionists; though it is hard to see how any
party can become permanently powerful except in one of two ways;
either by the greater truth of its principles; or the extravagance of
the party opposed to it。 To fancy the ship of state; riding safe at
her constitutional moorings; suddenly engulfed by a huge kraken of
Abolitionism; rising from unknown depths and grasping it with
slimy tentacles; is to look at the natural history of the matter with
the eyes of Pontoppidan。(1) To believe that the leaders in the
Southern treason feared any danger from Abolitionism; would be to
deny them ordinary intelligence; though there can be little doubt
that they made use of it to stir the passions and excite the fears of
their deluded accomplices。 They rebelled; not because they thought
slavery weak; but because they believed it strong enough; not to
overthrow the government; but to get possession of it; for it
becomes daily clearer that they used rebellion only as a means of
revolution; and if they got revolution; though not in the shape they
looked for; is the American people to save them from its
consequences at the cost of its own existence? The election of Mr。
Lincoln; which it was clearly in their power to prevent had they
wished; was the occasion merely; and not the cause of their revolt。
Abolitionism; till within a year or two; was the despised heresy of a
few earnest persons; without political weight enough to carry the
election of a parish constable; and their cardinal principle was
disunion; because they were convinced that within the Union the
position of slavery was impregnable。 In spite of the proverb; great
effects do not follow from small causes;that is; disproportionately
small;but from adequate causes acting under certain required
conditions。 To contrast the size of the oak with that of the parent
acorn; as if the poor seed had paid all costs from its slender strong…
box; may serve for a child's wonder; but the real miracle lies in that
divine league which bound all the forces of nature to the service of
the tiny germ in fulfilling its destiny。 Everything has been at work
for the past ten years in the cause of anti…slavery; but Garrison and
Phillips have been far less successful propagandists than the
slaveholders themselves; with the constantly growing arrogance of
their pretensions and encroachments。 They have forced the
question upon the attention of every voter in the Free States; by
defiantly putting freedom and democracy on the defensive。 But;
even after the Kansas outrages; there was no wide…spread desire on
the part of the North to commit aggressions; though there was a
growing determination to resist them。 The popular unanimity in
favor of the war three years ago was but in small measure the result
of anti…slavery sentiment; far less of any zeal for abolition。 But
every month of the war; every movement of the allies of slavery in
the Free States; has been making Abolitionists by the thousand。
The masses of any people; however intelligent; are very little moved
by abstract principles of humanity and justice; until those principles
are interpreted for them by the stinging commentary of some
infringement upon their own rights; and then their instincts and
passions; once aroused; do indeed derive an incalculable
reinforcement of impulse and intensity from those higher ideas;
those sublime traditions; which have no motive political force till
they are allied with a sense of immediate personal wrong or
imminent peril。 Then at last the stars in their courses begin to fight
against Sisera。 Had any one doubted before that the rights of
human nature are unitary; that oppression is of one hue the world
over; no matter what the color of the oppressed;had any one
failed to see what the real essence of the contest was;the efforts of
the advocates of slavery among ourselves to throw discredit upon
the fundamental axioms of the Declaration of Independence and the
radical doctrines of Christianity; could not fail to sharpen his eyes。
(1) A Danish antiquary and theologian。
While every day was bringing the people nearer to the conclusion
which all thinking men saw to be inevitable from the beginning; it
was wise in Mr。 Lincoln to leave the shaping of his policy to events。
In this country; where the rough and ready understanding of the
people is sure at last to be the controlling power; a profound
common…sense is the best genius for statesmanship。 Hitherto the
wisdom of the President's measures has been justified by the fact
that they have always resulted in more firmly uniting public opinion。
One of the things particularly admirable in the public utterances of
President Lincoln is a certain tone of familiar dignity; which; while
it is perhaps the most difficult attainment of mere style; is also no
doubtful indication of personal character。 There must be something
essentially noble in an elective ruler who can descend to the level of
confidential ease without losing respect; something very manly in
one who can break through the etiquette of his conventional rank
and trust himself to the reason and intelligence of those who have
elected him。 No higher compliment was ever paid to a nation than
the simple confidence; the fireside plainness; with which Mr。
Lincoln always addresses himself to the reason of the American
people。 This was; indeed; a true democrat; who grounded himself
on the assumption that a democracy can think。 〃Come; let us
reason together about this matter;〃 has been the tone of all his
addresses to the people; and accordingly we have never had a chief
magistrate who so won to himself the love and at the same time the
judgment of his countrymen。 To us; that simple confidence of his in
the right…mindedness of his fellowmen is very touching; and its
success is as strong an argument as we have ever seen in favor of
the theory that men can govern themselves。 He never appeals to
any vulgar sentiment; he never alludes to the humbleness of his
origin; it probably never occurred to h