letters to his son, 1748-第6章
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maxims； but they are the reflections which a great and able man formed from long experience and practice in great business。 They are true conclusions； drawn from facts； not from speculations。
As modern history is particularly your business； I will give you some rules to direct your study of it。 It begins； properly with Charlemagne； in the year 800。 But as； in those times of ignorance； the priests and monks were almost the only people that could or did write； we have scarcely any histories of those times but such as they have been pleased to give us； which are compounds of ignorance； superstition； and party zeal。 So that a general notion of what is rather supposed； than really known to be； the history of the five or six following centuries； seems to be sufficient； and much time would be but ill employed in a minute attention to those legends。 But reserve your utmost care； and most diligent inquiries； from the fifteenth century； and downward。 Then learning began to revive； and credible histories to be written； Europe began to take the form； which； to some degree； it still retains： at least the foundations of the present great powers of Europe were then laid。 Lewis the Eleventh made France； in truth； a monarchy； or； as he used to say himself； 'la mit hors de Page'。 Before his time； there were independent provinces in France； as the Duchy of Brittany； etc。； whose princes tore it to pieces； and kept it in constant domestic confusion。 Lewis the Eleventh reduced all these petty states； by fraud； force； or marriage； for he scrupled no means to obtain his ends。
About that time； Ferdinand King of Aragon； and Isabella his wife； Queen of Castile； united the whole Spanish monarchy； and drove the Moors out of Spain； who had till then kept position of Granada。 About that time； too； the house of Austria laid the great foundations of its subsequent power； first； by the marriage of Maximilian with the heiress of Burgundy； and then； by the marriage of his son Philip； Archduke of Austria； with Jane； the daughter of Isabella； Queen of Spain； and heiress of that whole kingdom； and of the West Indies。 By the first of these marriages； the house of Austria acquired the seventeen provinces； and by the latter； Spain and America； all which centered in the person of Charles the Fifth； son of the above…mentioned Archduke Philip； the son of Maximilian。 It was upon account of these two marriages； that the following Latin distich was made：
Bella gerant alii； Tu felix Austria nube； Nam qua； Mars aliis； dat tibi regna Venus。
This immense power； which the Emperor Charles the Fifth found himself possessed of； gave him a desire for universal power （for people never desire all till they have gotten a great deal）； and alarmed France； this sowed the seeds of that jealousy and enmity； which have flourished ever since between those two great powers。 Afterward the House of Austria was weakened by the division made by Charles the Fifth of his dominions； between his son； Philip the Second of Spain； and his brother Ferdinand； and has ever since been dwindling to the weak condition in which it now is。 This is a most interesting part of the history of Europe； of which it is absolutely necessary that you should be exactly and minutely informed。
There are in the history of most countries； certain very remarkable eras； which deserve more particular inquiry and attention than the common run of history。 Such is the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces； in the reign of Philip the Second of Spain； which ended in forming the present republic of the Seven United Provinces； whose independency was first allowed by Spain at the treaty of Munster。 Such was the extraordinary revolution of Portugal； in the year 1640； in favor of the present House of Braganza。 Such is the famous revolution of Sweden； when Christian the Second of Denmark； who was also king of Sweden； was driven out by Gustavus Vasa。 And such also is that memorable era in Denmark； of 1660； when the states of that kingdom made a voluntary surrender of all their rights and liberties to the Crown； and changed that free state into the most absolute monarchy now in Europe。 The Acta Regis； upon that occasion； are worth your perusing。 These remarkable periods of modern history deserve your particular attention； and most of them have been treated singly by good historians； which are worth your reading。 The revolutions of Sweden； and of Portugal； are most admirably well written by L'Abbe de Vertot； they are short； and will not take twelve hours' reading。 There is another book which very well deserves your looking into； but not worth your buying at present； because it is not portable； if you can borrow or hire it； you should； and that is； 'L' Histoire des Traits de Paix； in two volumes； folio； which make part of the 'Corps Diplomatique'。 You will there find a short and clear history； and the substance of every treaty made in Europe； during the last century； from the treaty of Vervins。 Three parts in four of this book are not worth your reading； as they relate to treaties of very little importance； but if you select the most considerable ones； read them with attention； and take some notes； it will be of great use to you。 Attend chiefly to those in which the great powers of Europe are the parties； such as the treaty of the Pyrenees； between France and Spain； the treaties of Nimeguen and Ryswick； but； above all； the treaty of Munster should be most circumstantially and minutely known to you； as almost every treaty made since has some reference to it。 For this； Pere Bougeant is the best book you can read； as it takes in the thirty years' war； which preceded that treaty。 The treaty itself； which is made a perpetual law of the empire； comes in the course of your lectures upon the 'Jus Publicum Imperii'。
In order to furnish you with materials for a letter； and at the same time to inform both you and myself of what it is right that we should know； pray answer me the following questions：
How many companies are there in the Saxon regiments of foot？ How many men in each company？
How many troops in the regiments of horse and dragoons； and how many men in each？
What number of commissioned and non…commissioned officers in a company of foot； or in a troop of horse or dragoons？ N。 B。 Noncommissioned officers are all those below ensigns and cornets。
What is the daily pay of a Saxon foot soldier； dragoon； and trooper？
What are the several ranks of the 'Etat Major…general'？ N。 B。 The Etat Major…general is everything above colonel。 The Austrians have no brigadiers； and the French have no major…generals in their Etat Major。 What have the Saxons？ Adieu！
LETTER XXXIV
LONDON； March 27； O。 S。 1748。
DEAR BOY： This little packet will be delivered to you by one Monsieur Duval； who is going to the fair at Leipsig。 He is a jeweler； originally of Geneva； but who has been settled here these eight or ten years； and a very sensible fellow： pray do be very civil to him。
As I advised you； some time ago； to inform yourself of the civil and military establishments of as many of the kingdoms and states of Europe； as you should either be in yourself； or be able to get authentic accounts of； I send you here a little book； in which； upon the article of Hanover； I have pointed out the short method of putting down these informations； by way of helping your memory。 The book being lettered； you can immediately turn to whatever article you want； and； by adding interleaves to each letter； may extend your minutes to what particulars you please。 You may get such books made anywhere； and appropriate each； if you please； to a particular object。 I have myself found great utility in this method。 If I had known what to have sent you by this opportunity I would have done it。 The French say； 'Que les petits presens entretiennent l'amite et que les grande l'augmentent'； but I could not recollect that you wanted anything； or at least anything that you cannot get as well at Leipsig as here。 Do but continue to deserve； and； I assure you； that you shall never want anything I can give。
Do not apprehend that my being out of employment may be any prejudice to you。 Many things will happen
