part11-第4章

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thank　on　my　knees；　him　who　directed　my　early　education；　for　having

put　into　my　possession　this　rich　source　of　delight；　and　I　would　not

exchange　it　for　anything　which　I　could　then　have　acquired；　&　have　not

since　acquired。　　With　this　regard　for　those　languages；　you　will

acquit　me　of　meaning　to　omit　them。　　About　20。　years　ago；　I　drew　a

bill　for　our　legislature；　which　proposed　to　lay　off　every　county　into

hundreds　or　townships　of　5。　or　6。　miles　square；　in　the　centre　of　each

of　which　was　to　be　a　free　English　school；　the　whole　state　was　further

laid　off　into　10。　districts；　in　each　of　which　was　to　be　a　college　for

teaching　the　languages；　geography；　surveying；　and　other　useful　things

of　that　grade；　and　then　a　single　University　for　the　sciences。　　It　was

received　with　enthusiasm；　but　as　I　had　proposed　that　Wm　&　Mary；　under

an　improved　form；　should　be　the　University；　&　that　was　at　that　time

pretty　highly　Episcopal；　the　dissenters　after　a　while　began　to

apprehend　some　secret　design　of　a　preference　to　that　sect　and　nothing

could　then　be　done。　　About　3。　years　ago　they　enacted　that　part　of　my

bill　which　related　to　English　schools；　except　that　instead　of

obliging；　they　left　it　optional　in　the　court　of　every　county　to　carry

it　into　execution　or　not。　　I　think　it　probable　the　part　of　the　plan

for　the　middle　grade　of　education；　may　also　be　brought　forward　in　due

time。　　In　the　meanwhile；　we　are　not　without　a　sufficient　number　of

good　country　schools；　where　the　languages；　geography；　&　the　first

elements　of　Mathematics；　are　taught。　　Having　omitted　this　information

in　my　former　letter；　I　thought　it　necessary　now　to　supply　it；　that

you　might　know　on　what　base　your　superstructure　was　to　be　reared。　　I

have　a　letter　from　M。　Dupont；　since　his　arrival　at　N。　York；　dated　the

20th；　in　which　he　says　he　will　be　in　Philadelphia　within　about　a

fortnight　from　that　time；　but　only　on　a　visit。　　How　much　would　it

delight　me　if　a　visit　from　you　at　the　same　time；　were　to　shew　us　two

such　illustrious　foreigners　embracing　each　other　in　my　country；　as

the　asylum　for　whatever　is　great　&　good。　　Pardon；　I　pray　you；　the

temporary　delirium　which　has　been　excited　here；　but　which　is　fast

passing　away。　　The　Gothic　idea　that　we　are　to　look　backwards　instead

of　forwards　for　the　improvement　of　the　human　mind；　and　to　recur　to

the　annals　of　our　ancestors　for　what　is　most　perfect　in　government；

in　religion　&　in　learning；　is　worthy　of　those　bigots　in　religion　&

government；　by　whom　it　has　been　recommended；　&　whose　purposes　it

would　answer。　　But　it　is　not　an　idea　which　this　country　will　endure；

and　the　moment　of　their　showing　it　is　fast　ripening；　and　the　signs　of

it　will　be　their　respect　for　you；　&　growing　detestation　of　those　who

have　dishonored　our　country　by　endeavors　to　disturb　our　tranquility

in　it。　　No　one　has　felt　this　with　more　sensibility　than；　my　dear　Sir；

your　respectful　&　affectionate　friend　&　servant。







　　　　　　　　THE　18TH　BRUMAIRE




　　　　　　　　_To　John　Breckinridge_

　　　　　　　　_Philadelphia；　Jan。　29；　1800_




　　　　　　　　DEAR　SIR；　　Your　favor　of　the　13th　has　been　duly　received；　as

had　been　that　containing　the　resolutions　of　your　legislature　on　the

subject　of　the　former　resolutions。　　I　was　glad　to　see　the　subject

taken　up；　and　done　with　so　much　temper；　firmness　and　propriety。　　From

the　reason　of　the　thing　I　cannot　but　hope　that　the　Western　country

will　be　laid　off　into　a　separate　Judiciary　district。　　From　what　I

recollect　of　the　dispositions　on　the　same　subject　at　the　last

session；　I　should　expect　that　the　partiality　to　a　general　&　uniform

system　would　yield　to　geographical　&　physical　impracticabilities。　　I

was　once　a　great　advocate　for　introducing　into　chancery　viva　voce

testimony；　&　trial　by　jury。　　I　am　still　so　as　to　the　latter；　but　have

retired　from　the　former　opinion　on　the　information　received　from　both

your　state　&　ours；　that　it　worked　inconveniently。　　I　introduced　it

into　the　Virginia　law；　but　did　not　return　to　the　bar；　so　as　to　see

how　it　answered。　　But　I　do　not　understand　how　the　viva　voce

examination　comes　to　be　practiced　in　the　Federal　court　with　you；　&

not　in　your　own　courts；　the　Federal　courts　being　decided　by　law　to

proceed　&　decide　by　the　laws　of　the　states。




　　　　　　　　A　great　revolution　has　taken　place　at　Paris。　　The　people　of

that　country　having　never　been　in　the　habit　of　self…government；　are

not　yet　in　the　habit　of　acknoleging　that　fundamental　law　of　nature；

by　which　alone　self　government　can　be　exercised　by　a　society；　I　mean

the　_lex　majoris　partis_。　　Of　the　sacredness　of　this　law；　our

countrymen　are　impressed　from　their　cradle；　so　that　with　them　it　is

almost　innate。　　This　single　circumstance　may　possibly　decide　the　fate

of　the　two　nations。　　One　party　appears　to　have　been　prevalent　in　the

Directory　&　council　of　500。　the　other　in　the　council　of　antients。

Sieyes　&　Ducos；　the　minority　in　the　Directory；　not　being　able　to

carry　their　points　there　seem　to　have　gained　over　Buonaparte；　&

associating　themselves　with　the　majority　of　the　Council　of　antients；

have　expelled　（*）　120。　odd　members　the　most　obnoxious　of　the　minority

of　the　Elders；　&　of　the　majority　of　the　council　of　500。　so　as　to　give

themselves　a　majority　in　the　latter　council　also。　　They　have

established　Buonaparte；　Sieyes　&　Ducos　into　an　executive；　or　rather

Dictatorial　consulate；　given　them　a　committee　of　between　20。　&　30。

from　each　council；　&　have　adjourned　to　the　20th　of　Feb。　　Thus　the

Constitution　of　the　3d　year　which　was　getting　consistency　&　firmness

from　time　is　demolished　in　an　instant；　and　nothing　is　said　about　a

new　one。　　How　the　nation　will　bear　it　is　yet　unknown。　　Had　the

Consuls　been　put　to　death　in　the　first　tumult　&　before　the　nation　had

time　to　take　sides；　the　Directory　&　councils　might　have　reestablished

themselves　on　the　spot。　　But　that　not　being　done；　perhaps　it　is　now

to　be　wished　that　Buonaparte　may　be　spared；　as；　according　to　his

protestations；　he　is　for　liberty；　equality　&　representative

government；　and　he　is　more　able　to　keep　the　nation　together；　&　to

ride　out　the　storm　than　any　other。　　Perhaps　it　may　end　in　their

establishing　a　single　representative　&　that　in　his　person。　　I　hope　it

will　not　be　for　life；　for　fear　of　the　influence　of　the　example　on　our

countrymen。　　It　is　very　material　for　the　latter　to　be　made　sensible

that　their　own　character　&　situation　are　materially　different　from

the　French；　&　that　whatever　may　be　the　fate　of　republicanism　there；

we　are　able　to　preserve　it　inviolate　here：　we　are　sensible　of　the

duty　&　expediency　of　submitting　our　opinions　to　the　will　of　the

majority　and　can　wait　with　patience　till　they　get　right　if　they

happen　to　be　at　any　time　wrong。　　Our　vessel　is　moored　at　such　a

distance；　that　should　theirs　blow　up；　ours　is　still　safe；　if　we　will

but　think　so。




　　　　　　　　（*）　60。　were　expelled　from　the　500；　so　as　to　change　the

majority　there　to　the　other　side。　　It　seems　doubtful　whether　any　were

expelled　from　the　Antients。　　The　majority　there　was　already　with　the

Consular　party。




　　　　　　　　I　had　recommended　the　enclosed　letter　to　the　care　of　the

postmaster　at　Louisville；　but　have　been　advised　it　is　better　to　get　a

friend　to　forward　it　by　some　of　the　boats。　　I　will　ask　that　favor　of

you。　　It　is　the　duplicate　of　one　with　the　same　address　which　I

inclosed　last　week　to　mr。　Innes　&　should　therefore　go　by　a　different

conveyance。　　I　am　with　great　esteem　dear　sir　your　friend　&　servant。







　　　　　　　　ILLUMINATISM




　　　　　　　　_To　Bishop　James　Madison_

　　　　　　　　_Philadelphia；　Jan。　31；　1800_




　　　　　　　　DEAR　SIR；　　I　have　received　your　favor　of　the　17th；　&

communicated　it　to　Mr。　Smith。　　I　lately　forwarded　your　letter　from

Dr。　Priestley；　endorsed　‘with　a　book'；　I　struck　those　words　through

with　my　pen；　because　no　book　had　then　come。　　It　is　now　received；　&

shall　be　forwarded　to　Richmond　by　the　first　opportunity：　but　such

opportunities　are　difficult　to　find；　gentlemen　going　in　the　stage　not

liking