the life of thomas telford-第8章
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the coach。〃*'13'
Between London and Edinburgh; as late as 1763; a fortnight was
consumed; the coach only starting once a month。*'14' The risk of
breaks…down in driving over the execrable roads may be inferred
from the circumstance that every coach carried with it a box of
carpenter's tools; and the hatchets were occasionally used in
lopping off the branches of trees overhanging the road and
obstructing the travellers' progress。
Some fastidious persons; disliking the slow travelling; as well as
the promiscuous company which they ran the risk of encountering in
the stage; were accustomed to advertise for partners in a postchaise;
to share the charges and lessen the dangers of the road; and;
indeed; to a sensitive person anything must have been preferable to
the misery of travelling by the Canterbury stage; as thus described
by a contemporary writer:
〃On both sides squeez'd; how highly was I blest;
Between two plump old women to be presst!
A corp'ral fierce; a nurse; a child that cry'd;
And a fat landlord; filled the other side。
Scarce dawns the morning ere the cumbrous load
Boils roughly rumbling o'er the rugged road:
One old wife coughs and wheezes in my ears;
Loud scolds the other; and the soldier swears;
Sour unconcocted breath escapes 'mine host;'
The sick'ning child returns his milk and toast!〃
When Samuel Johnson was taken by his mother to London in 1712; to
have him touched by Queen Anne for 〃the evil;〃 he relates;
〃We went in the stage…coach and returned in the waggon; as my mother
said; because my cough was violent; but the hope of saving a few
shillings was no slight motive。。。。 She sewed two guineas in her
petticoat lest she should be robbed。。。。 We were troublesome to the
passengers; but to suffer such inconveniences in the stage…coach
was common in those days to parsons in much higher rank。〃
Mr。 Pennant has left us the following account of his journey in
the Chester stage to London in 1789…40: 〃The first day;〃 says he;
〃with much labour; we got from Chester to Whitchurch; twenty
miles; the second day to the 'Welsh Harp;' the third; to Coventry;
the fourth; to Northampton; the fifth; to Dunstable; and; as a
wondrous effort; on the last; to London; before the commencement of
night。 The strain and labour of six good horses; sometimes eight;
drew us through the sloughs of Mireden and many other places。
We were constantly out two hours before day; and as late at night;
and in the depth of winter proportionally later。 The single
gentlemen; then a hardy race; equipped in jackboots and trowsers;
up to their middle; rode post through thick and thin; and; guarded
against the mire; defied the frequent stumble and fall; arose and
pursued their journey with alacrity; while; in these days; their
enervated posterity sleep away their rapid journeys in easy
chaises; fitted for the conveyance of the soft inhabitants of
Sybaris。〃
No wonder; therefore; that a great deal of the travelling of the
country continued to be performed on horseback; this being by far
the pleasantest as well as most expeditious mode of journeying。
On his marriage…day; Dr。 Johnson rode from Birmingham to Derby with
his Tetty; taking the opportunity of the journey to give his bride
her first lesson in marital discipline。 At a later period James
Watt rode from Glasgow to London; when proceeding thither to learn
the art of mathematical instrument making。
And it was a cheap and pleasant method of travelling when the
weather was fine。 The usual practice was; to buy a horse at the
beginning of such a journey; and to sell the animal at the end of
it。 Dr。 Skene; of Aberdeen; travelled from London to Edinburgh in
1753; being nineteen days on the road; the whole expenses of the
journey amounting to only four guineas。 The mare on which he rode;
cost him eight guineas in London; and he sold her for the same
price on his arrival in Edinburgh。
Nearly all the commercial gentlemen rode their own horses; carrying
their samples and luggage in two bags at the saddle…bow; and hence
their appellation of Riders or Bagmen。 For safety's sake; they
usually journeyed in company; for the dangers of travelling were
not confined merely to the ruggedness of the roads。 The highways
were infested by troops of robbers and vagabonds who lived by
plunder。 Turpin and Bradshaw beset the Great North Road; Duval;
Macheath; Maclean; and hundreds of notorious highwaymen infested
Hounslow Heath; Finchley Common; Shooter's Hill; and all the
approaches to the metropolis。 A very common sight then; was a
gibbet erected by the roadside; with the skeleton of some
malefactor hanging from it in chains; and 〃 Hangman's…lanes〃 were
especially numerous in the neighbourhood of London。*'15' It was
considered most unsafe to travel after dark; and when the first
〃night coach〃 was started; the risk was thought too great; and it
was not patronised。
'Image' The Night Coach
Travellers armed themselves on setting out upon a journey as if
they were going to battle; and a blunderbuss was considered as
indispensable for a coachman as a whip。 Dorsetshire and Hampshire;
like most other counties; were beset with gangs of highwaymen; and
when the Grand Duke Cosmo set out from Dorchester to travel to
London in 1669; he was 〃convoyed by a great many horse…soldiers
belonging to the militia of the county; to secure him from
robbers。〃*'16'
Thoresby; in his Diary; alludes with awe to his having passed
safely 〃the great common where Sir Ralph Wharton slew the
highwayman;〃 and he also makes special mention of Stonegate Hole;
〃a notorious robbing place〃 near Grantham。 Like every other
traveller; that good man carried loaded pistols in his bags; and on
one occasion he was thrown into great consternation near Topcliffe;
in Yorkshire; on missing them; believing that they had been
abstracted by some designing rogues at the inn where he had last
slept。*'17' No wonder that; before setting out on a journey in
those days; men were accustomed to make their wills。
When Mrs。 Calderwood; of Coltness; travelled from Edinburgh to
London in 1756; she relates in her Diary that she travelled in her
own postchaise; attended by John Rattray; her stout serving man; on
horseback; with pistols at his holsters; and a good broad sword by
his side。 The lady had also with her in the carriage a case of
pistols; for use upon an emergency。 Robberies were then of
frequent occurrence in the neighbourhood of Bawtry; in Yorkshire;
and one day a suspicious…looking character; whom they took to be a
highwayman; made his appearance; but 〃John Rattray talking about
powder and ball to the postboy; and showing his whanger; the fellow
made off〃 Mrs。 Calderwood started from Edinburgh on the 3rd of
June; when the roads were dry and the weather was fine; and she
reached London on the evening of the 10th; which was considered a
rapid journey in those days。
The danger; however; from footpads and highwaymen was not greatest
in remote country places; but in and about the metropolis itself。
The proprietors of Bellsize House and gardens; in the
Hampstead…road; then one of the principal places of amusement; had
the way to London patrolled during the season by twelve 〃lusty
fellows;〃 and Sadler's Wells; Vauxhall; and Ranelagh advertised
similar advantages。 Foot passengers proceeding towards Kensington
and Paddington in the evening; would wait until a sufficiently
numerous band had collected to set footpads at defiance; and then
they started in company at known intervals; of which a bell gave
due warning。 Carriages were stopped in broad daylight in Hyde
Park; and even in Piccadilly itself; and pistols presented at the
breasts of fashionable people; who were called upon to deliver up
their purses。 Horace Walpole relates a number of curious instances
of this sort; he himself having been robbed in broad day; with