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the life of thomas telford-第69章

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archstones; being in the form of a segment; have the same chord;

with only 13 feet rise。  〃This complex form;〃 says Mr。 Telford;

〃converts each side of the vault of the arch into the shape of the

entrance of a pipe; to suit the contracted passage of a fluid; thus

lessening the flat surface opposed to the current of the river

whenever the tide or upland flood rises above the springing of the

middle of the ellipse; that being at four feet above low water;

whereas the flood of 1770 rose twenty feet above low water of an

ordinary spring…tide; which; when there is no upland flood; rises

only eight or nine feet。〃*'1'  The bridge was finished and opened in

1828。



'Image' Dean Bridge; Edinburgh。



The last structures erected after our engineer's designs were at

Edinburgh and Glasgow: his Dean Bridge at the former place; and his

Jamaica Street Bridge at the latter; being regarded as among his

most successful works。  Since his employment as a journeyman mason

at the building of the houses in Princes Street; Edinburgh; the New

Town had spread in all directions。  At each visit to it on his way

to or from the Caledonian Canal or the northern harbours; he had

been no less surprised than delighted at the architectural

improvements which he found going forward。  A new quarter had risen

up during his lifetime; and had extended northward and westward in

long lines of magnificent buildings of freestone; until in 1829 its

further progress was checked by the deep ravine running along the

back of the New Town; in the bottom of which runs the little Water

of Leith。  It was determined to throw a stone bridge across this

stream; and Telford was called upon to supply the design。  The point

of crossing the valley was immediately behind Moray Place; which

stands almost upon its verge; the sides being bold; rocky; and

finely wooded。  The situation was well adapted for a picturesque

structure; such as Telford was well able to supply。  The depth of

the ravine to be spanned involved great height in the piers; the

roadway being 106 feet above the level of the stream。  The bridge

was of four arches of 90 feet span each; and its total length 447

feet; the breadth between the parapets for the purposes of the

roadway and footpaths being 39 feet。*'2'  It was completed and

opened in December; 1831。



But the most important; as it was the last; of Mr。 Telford's stone

bridges was that erected across the Clyde at the Broomielaw;

Glasgow。  Little more than fifty years since; the banks of the river

at that place were literally covered with broomand hence its

namewhile the stream was scarcely deep enough to float a

herring…buss。  Now; the Broomielaw is a quay frequented by ships of

the largest burden; and bustling with trade and commerce。  Skill and

enterprise have deepened the Clyde; dredged away its shoals; built

quays and wharves along its banks; and rendered it one of the

busiest streams in the world;



It has become a great river thoroughfare; worked by steam。  On its

waters the first steamboat ever constructed for purposes of traffic

in Europe was launched by Henry Bell in 1812; and the Clyde boats

to this day enjoy the highest prestige。



The deepening of the river at the Broomielaw had led to a gradual

undermining of the foundations of the old bridge; which was

situated close to the principal landing…place。  A little above it;

was an ancient overfall weir; which had also contributed to scour

away the foundations of the piers。  Besides; the bridge was felt to

be narrow; inconvenient; and ill…adapted for accommodating the

immense traffic passing across the Clyde at that point。  It was;

therefore; determined to take down the old structure; and Build a

new one; and Mr。 Telford was called upon to supply the design。

The foundation was laid with great ceremony on the 18th of March; 1833;

and the new bridge was completed and opened on the 1st of January;

1836; rather more than a year after the engineer's death。  It is a

very fine work; consisting of seven arches; segments of circles;

the central arch being 58 feet 6 inches; the span of the adjoining

arches diminishing to 57 feet 9 inches; 55 feet 6 inches; and 52

feet respectively。  It is 560 feet in length; with an open waterway

of 389 feet; and its total width of carriageway and footpath is 60

feet; or wider; at the time it was built; than any river bridge in

the kingdom。



'Image' Glasgow Bridge



Like most previous engineers of eminencelike Perry; Brindley;

Smeaton; and RennieMr。 Telford was in the course of his life

extensively employed in the drainage of the Fen districts。  He had

been jointly concerned with Mr。 Rennie in carrying out the

important works of the Eau Brink Cut; and at Mr。 Rennie's death he

succeeded to much of his practice as consulting engineer。



It was principally in designing and carrying out the drainage of

the North Level that Mr。 Telford distinguished himself in Fen

drainage。  The North Level includes all that part of the Great

Bedford Level situated between Morton's Leam and the river Welland;

comprising about 48;000 acres of land。  The river Nene; which brings

down from the interior the rainfall of almost the entire county of

Northampton; flows through nearly the centre of the district。

In some places the stream is confined by embankments; in others it

flows along artificial outs; until it enters the great estuary of

the Wash; about five miles below Wisbeach。  This town is situated on

another river which flows through the Level; called the Old Nene。

Below the point of junction of these rivers with the Wash; and

still more to seaward; was South Holland Sluice; through which the

waters of the South Holland Drain entered the estuary。  At that

point a great mass of silt had accumulated; which tended to choke

up the mouths of the rivers further inland; rendering their

navigation difficult and precarious; and seriously interrupting the

drainage of the whole lowland district traversed by both the Old

and New Nene。  Indeed the sands were accumulating at such a rate;

that the outfall of the Wisbeach River threatened to become

completely destroyed。



Such being the state of things; it was determined to take the

opinion of some eminent engineer; and Mr。 Rennie was employed to

survey the district and recommend a measure for the remedy of these

great evils。  He performed this service in his usually careful and

masterly manner; but as the method which he proposed; complete

though it was; would have seriously interfered with the trade of

Wisbeach; by leaving it out of the line of navigation and drainage

which he proposed to open up; the corporation of that town

determined to employ another engineer; and Mr Telford was selected

to examine and report upon the whole subject; keeping in view the

improvement of the river immediately adjacent to the town of

Wisbeach。



Mr。 Telford confirmed Mr。 Rennie's views to a large extent; more

especially with reference to the construction of an entirely new

outfall; by making an artificial channel from Kindersleys Cut to

Crab…Hole Eye anchorage; by which a level lower by nearly twelve

feet would be secured for the outfall waters; but he preferred

leaving the river open to the tide as high as Wisbeach; rather than

place a lock with draw…doors at Lutton Leam Sluice; as had been

proposed by Mr。 Rennie。  He also suggested that the acute angle at

the Horseshoe be cut off and the river deepened up to the bridge at

Wisbeach; making a new cut along the bank on the south side of the

town; which should join the river again immediately above it;

thereby converting the intermediate space; by draw…doors and the

usual contrivances; into a floating dock。  Though this plan was

approved by the parties interested in the drainage; to Telford's

great mortification it was opposed by the corporation of Wisbeach;

and like so many other excellent schemes for the improvement of the

Fen districts; it eventually f

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