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第61章

the life of thomas telford-第61章

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half in diameter; a binding of gravel; about an inch in thickness;

being placed over all。  A drain crossed under the bed of the bottom

layer to the outside ditch in every hundred yards。  The result was

an admirably easy; firm; and dry road; capable of being travelled

upon in all weathers; and standing in comparatively small need of

repairs。



A similar practice was introduced in England about the same time by

Mr。 Macadam; and; though his method was not so thorough as that of

Telford; it was usefully employed on most of the high roads

throughout the kingdom。  Mr。 Macadam's notice was first called to

the subject while acting as one of the trustees of a road in

Ayrshire。  Afterwards; while employed as Government agent for

victualling the navy in the western parts of England; he continued

the study of road…making; keeping in view the essential conditions

of a compact and durable substance and a smooth surface。  At that

time the attention of the Legislature was not so much directed to

the proper making and mending of the roads; as to suiting the

vehicles to them such as they were; and they legislated backwards

and forwards for nearly half a century as to the breadth of wheels。

Macadam was; on the other hand; of opinion that the main point was

to attend to the nature of the roads on which the vehicles were to

travel。  Most roads were then made with gravel; or flints tumbled

upon them in their natural state; and so rounded that they had no

points of contact; and rarely became consolidated。  When a heavy

vehicle of any sort passed over them; their loose structure

presented no resistance; the material was thus completely

disturbed; and they often became almost impassable。  Macadam's

practice was this: to break the stones into angular fragments; so

that a bed several inches in depth should be formed; the material

best adapted for the purpose being fragments of granite;

greenstone; or basalt; to watch the repairs of the road carefully

during the process of consolidation; filling up the inequalities

caused by the traffic passing over it; until a hard and level

surface had been obtained。  Thus made; the road would last for

years without further attention。  in 1815 Mr。 Macadam devoted

himself with great enthusiasm to road…making as a profession; and

being appointed surveyor…general of the Bristol roads; he had full

opportunities of exemplifying his system。  It proved so successful

that the example set by him was quickly followed over the entire

kingdom。  Even the streets of many large towns were Macadamised。

In carrying out his improvements; however; Mr。 Macadam spent several

thousand pounds of his own money; and in 1825; having proved this

expenditure before a Committee of the House of Commons; the amount

was reimbursed to him; together with an honorary tribute of two

thousand pounds。  Mr。 Macadam died poor; but; as he himself said;

〃a least an honest man。〃  By his indefatigable exertions and his

success as a road…maker; by greatly saving animal labour;

facilitating commercial intercourse; and rendering travelling easy

and expeditious; he entitled himself to the reputation of a public

benefactor。



'Image' J。 L。 Macadam。



Owing to the mountainous nature of the country through which

Telford's Carlisle and Glasgow road passes; the bridges are

unusually numerous and of large dimensions。  Thus; the Fiddler's

Burn Bridge is of three arches; one of 150 and two of 105 feet span

each。  There are fourteen other bridges; presenting from one to

three arches; of from 20 to 90 feet span。  But the most picturesque

and remarkable bridge constructed by Telford in that district was

upon another line of road subsequently carried out by him; in the

upper part of the county of Lanark; and crossing the main line of

the Carlisle and Glasgow road almost at right angles。  Its northern

and eastern part formed a direct line of communication between the

great cattle markets of Falkirk; Crief; and Doune; and Carlisle and

the West of England。  It was carried over deep ravines by several

lofty bridges; the most formidable of which was that across the

Mouse Water at Cartland Crags; about a mile to the west of Lanark。

The stream here flows through a deep rocky chasm; the sides of

which are in some places about four hundred feet high。  At a point

where the height of the rocks is considerably less; but still most

formidable; Telford spanned the ravine with the beautiful bridge

represented in the engraving facing this page; its parapet being

129 feet above the surface of the water beneath。



'Image' Cartland Crags Bridge。



The reconstruction of the western road from Carlisle to Glasgow;

which Telford had thus satisfactorily carried out; shortly led to

similar demands from the population on the eastern side of the

kingdom。  The spirit of road reform was now fairly on foot。

Fast coaches and wheel…carriages of all kinds had become greatly

improved; so that the usual rate of travelling had advanced from

five or six to nine or ten miles an hour。  The desire for the rapid

communication of political and commercial intelligence was found to

increase with the facilities for supplying it; and; urged by the

public wants; the Post…Office authorities were stimulated to

unusual efforts in this direction。  Numerous surveys were made and

roads laid out; so as to improve the main line of communication

between London and Edinburgh and the intermediate towns。  The first

part of this road taken in hand was the worstthat lying to the

north of Catterick Bridge; in Yorkshire。  A new line was surveyed by

West Auckland to Hexham; passing over Garter Fell to Jedburgh; and

thence to Edinburgh; but was rejected as too crooked and uneven。

Another was tried by Aldstone Moor and Bewcastle; and rejected for

the same reason。  The third line proposed was eventually adopted as

the best; passing from Morpeth; by Wooler and Coldstream;

to Edinburgh; saving rather more than fourteen miles between the

two points; and securing a line of road of much more favourable

gradients。



The principal bridge on this new highway was at Pathhead; over the

Tyne; about eleven miles south of Edinburgh。  To maintain the

level; so as to avoid the winding of the road down a steep descent

on one side of the valley and up an equally steep ascent on the

other; Telford ran out a lofty embankment from both sides;

connecting their ends by means of a spacious bridge。  The structure

at Pathhead is of five arches; each 50 feet span; with 25 feet rise

from their springing; 49 feet above the bed of the river。  Bridges

of a similar character were also thrown over the deep ravines of

Cranston Dean and Cotty Burn; in the same neighbourhood。  At the

same time a useful bridge was built on the same line of road at

Morpeth; in Northumberland; over the river Wansbeck。  It consisted

of three arches; of which the centre one was 50 feet span; and two

side…arches 40 feet each; the breadth between the parapets being 30

feet。



The advantages derived from the construction of these new roads

were found to be so great; that it was proposed to do the like for

the remainder of the line between London and Edinburgh; and at the

instance of the Post…Office authorities; with the sanction of the

Treasury; Mr。 Telford proceeded to make detailed surveys of an

entire new post…road between London and Morpeth。  In laying it out;

the main points which he endeavoured to secure were directness and

flatness; and 100 miles of the proposed new Great North Road; south

of York; were laid out in a perfectly straight line。  This survey;

which was begun in 1824; extended over several years; and all the

requisite arrangements had been made for beginning the works; when

the result of the locomotive competition at Rainhill; in 1829; had

the effect of directing attention to that new method of travelling;

fortunately in time to prevent what would have proved; for the most

part; an unnecessary expenditure; o

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