the life of thomas telford-第60章
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Cysylltau works; where he had acquired a taste for English comforts;
and returned to the North with a considerable contempt for the
Highland people amongst whom he was stationed。 He is said to
have very much resembled Dr。 Johnson in person and was so fond
of books; and so well read in them; that he was called
'the Walking Library。' He used to say that if justice were done to
the inhabitants of Inverness; there would be nobody left there in
twenty years but the Provost and the hangman。 Seeing an artist one
day making a sketch in the mountains; he said it was the first time
he had known what the hills were good for。 And when some one was
complaining of the weather in the Highlands; he looked sarcastically
round; and observed that the rain certainly would not hurt the
heather crop。
*'2' The misfortunes of the Caledonian Canal did not end with the
life of Telford。 The first vessel passed through it from sea to
sea in October; 1822; by which time it had cost about a million
sterling; or double the original estimate。 Notwithstanding this
large outlay; it appears that the canal was opened before the works
had been properly completed; and the consequence was that they very
shortly fell into decay。 It even began to be considered whether
the canal ought not to be abandoned。 In 1838; Mr。 James Walker;
C。E。; an engineer of the highest eminence; examined it; and
reported fully on its then state; strongly recommending its
completion as well as its improvement。 His advice was eventually
adopted; and the canal was finished accordingly; at an additional
cost of about 200;000L。; and the whole line was re…opened in 1847;
since which time it has continued in useful operation。 The passage
from sea to sea at all times can now be depended on; and it can
usually be made in forty…eight hours。 As the trade of the North
increases; the uses of the canal will probably become much more
decided than they have heretofore; proved。
*'3' 'Brindley and the Early Engineers;' p。 267。
*'4' 'Life of Telford;' p。 82; 83。
CHAPTER XI。
TELFORD AS A ROAD…MAKER。
Mr。 Telford's extensive practice as a bridge…builder led his friend
Southey to designate him 〃Pontifex Maximus。〃 Besides the numerous
bridges erected by him in the West of England; we have found him
furnishing designs for about twelve hundred in the Highlands; of
various dimensions; some of stone and others of iron。 His practice
in bridge…building had; therefore; been of an unusually extensive
character; and Southey's sobriquet was not ill applied。 But besides
being a great bridge…builder; Telford was also a great road…maker。
With the progress of industry and trade; the easy and rapid transit
of persons and goods had come to be regarded as an increasing
object of public interest。 Fast coaches now ran regularly between
all the principal towns of England; every effort being made;
by straightening and shortening the roads; cutting down hills;
and carrying embankments across valleys and viaducts over rivers;
to render travelling by the main routes as easy and expeditious as
possible。
Attention was especially turned to the improvement of the longer
routes; and to perfecting the connection of London with the chief
town's of Scotland and Ireland。 Telford was early called upon to
advise as to the repairs of the road between Carlisle and Glasgow;
which had been allowed to fall into a wretched state; as well as
the formation of a new line from Carlisle; across the counties of
Dumfries; Kirkcudbright; and Wigton; to Port Patrick; for the
purpose of ensuring a more rapid communication with Belfast and the
northern parts of Ireland。 Although Glasgow had become a place of
considerable wealth and importance; the roads to it; north of
Carlisle; continued in a very unsatisfactory state。 It was only in
July; 1788; that the first mail…coach from London had driven into
Glasgow by that route; when it was welcomed by a procession of the
citizens on horseback; who went out several miles to meet it。
But the road had been shockingly made; and before long had become
almost impassable。 Robert Owen states that; in 1795; it took him
two days and three nights' incessant travelling to get from
Manchester to Glasgow; and he mentions that the coach had to cross
a well…known dangerous mountain at midnight; called Erickstane
Brae; which was then always passed with fear and trembling。*'1'
As late as the year 1814 we find a Parliamentary Committee
declaring the road between Carlisle and Glasgow to be in so ruinous
a state as often seriously to delay the mail and endanger the lives
of travellers。 The bridge over Evan Water was so much decayed; that
one day the coach and horses fell through it into the river; when
〃one passenger was killed; the coachman survived only a few days;
and several other persons were dreadfully maimed; two of the horses
being also killed。〃*'2' The remaining part of the bridge continued
for some time unrepaired; just space enough being left for a single
carriage to pass。 The road trustees seemed to be helpless; and did
nothing; a local subscription was tried and failed; the district
passed through being very poor; but as the road was absolutely
required for more than merely local purposes; it was eventually
determined to undertake its reconstruction as a work of national
importance; and 50;000L。 was granted by Parliament with this
object; under the provisions of the Act passed in 1816。 The works
were placed under Mr。 Telford's charge; and an admirable road was
very shortly under construction between Carlisle and Glasgow。
That part of it between Hamilton and Glasgow; eleven miles in length;
was however left in the hands of local trustees; as was the
diversion of thirteen miles at the boundary of the counties of
Lanark and Dumfries; for which a previous Act had been obtained。
The length of new line constructed by Mr。 Telford was sixty…nine
miles; and it was probably the finest piece of road which up to
that time had been made。
His ordinary method of road…making in the Highlands was; first to
level and drain; then; like the Romans; to lay a solid pavement of
large stones; the round or broad end downwards; as close as they
could be set。 The points of the latter were then broken off; and a
layer of stones broken to about the size of walnuts; was laid upon
them; and over all a little gravel if at hand。 A road thus formed
soon became bound together; and for ordinary purposes was very
durable。
But where the traffic; as in the case of the Carlisle and Glasgow
road; was expected to be very heavy; Telford took much greater
pains。 Here he paid especial attention to two points: first; to lay
it out as nearly as possible upon a level; so as to reduce the
draught to horses dragging heavy vehicles;one in thirty being
about the severest gradient at any part of the road。 The next point
was to make the working; or middle portion of the road; as firm and
substantial as possible; so as to bear; without shrinking; the
heaviest weight likely to be brought over it。 With this object he
specified that the metal bed was to be formed in two layers; rising
about four inches towards the centre the bottom course being of
stones (whinstone; limestone; or hard freestone); seven inches in
depth。 These were to be carefully set by hand; with the broadest
ends downwards; all crossbonded or jointed; no stone being more
than three inches wide on the top。 The spaces between them were
then to be filled up with smaller stones; packed by hand; so as to
bring the whole to an even and firm surface。 Over this a top course
was to be laid; seven inches in depth; consisting of properly
broken hard whinstones; none exceeding six ounces in weight; and
each to be able to pass through a circular ring; two inches and a
half in diameter; a binding of gravel; about an inch in thickness;
being placed over all。 A drain crossed under the bed of the bottom