the life of thomas telford-第54章
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lay immediately outside the town; the region beyond was as sterile
as it is possible for land to be in such a latitude。 〃Any wher;〃
says an ancient writer; 〃after yow pass a myll without the tonne;
the countrey is barren lyke; the hills craigy; the plaines full of
marishes and mosses; the feilds are covered with heather or peeble
stons; the come feilds mixt with thes bot few。 The air is temperat
and healthful about it; and it may be that the citizens owe the
acuteness of their wits thereunto and their civill inclinations;
the lyke not easie to be found under northerlie climats; damped for
the most pairt with air of a grosse consistence。〃*'3' But the old
inhabitants of Aberdeen and its neighbourhood were really as rough
as their soil。 Judged by their records; they must have been
dreadfully haunted by witches and sorcerers down to a comparatively
recent period; witch…burning having been common in the town until
the end of the sixteenth century。 We find that; in one year; no
fewer than twenty…three women and one man were burnt; the Dean of
Guild Records containing the detailed accounts of the 〃loads of
peattis; tar barrellis;〃 and other combustibles used in burning
them。 The lairds of the Garioch; a district in the immediate
neighbourhood; seem to have been still more terrible than the
witches; being accustomed to enter the place and make an onslaught
upon the citizens; according as local rage and thirst for spoil
might incline them。 On one of such occasions; eighty of the
inhabitants were killed and wounded。*'4' Down even to the middle of
last century the Aberdonian notions of personal liberty seem to
have been very restricted; for between 1740 and 1746 we find that
persons of both sexes were kidnapped; put on board ships; and
despatched to the American plantations; where they were sold for
slaves。 Strangest of all; the men who carried on this slave trade
were local dignitaries; one of them being a town's baillie; another
the town…clerk depute。 Those kidnapped were openly 〃driven in
flocks through the town; like herds of sheep; under the care of a
keeper armed with a whip。〃*'5' So open was the traffic that the
public workhouse was used for their reception until the ships
sailed; and when that was filled; the tolbooth or common prison was
made use of。 The vessels which sailed from the harbour for America
in 1743 contained no fewer than sixty…nine persons; and it is
supposed that; in the six years during which the Aberdeen slave
trade was at its height; about six hundred were transported for
sale; very few of whom ever returned。*'6' This slave traffic
was doubtless stimulated by the foreign ships beginning to
frequent the port; for the inhabitants were industrious; and their
plaiding; linen; and worsted stockings were in much request as
articles of merchandise。 Cured salmon were also exported in large
quantities。 As early as 1659; a quay was formed along the Dee
towards the village of Foot Dee。 〃Beyond Futty;〃 says an old
writer; 〃lyes the fisher…boat heavne; and after that; towards the
promontorie called Sandenesse; ther is to be seen a grosse bulk of
a building; vaulted and flatted above (the Blockhous they call it);
begun to be builded anno 1513; for guarding the entree of the
harboree from pirats and algarads; and cannon wer planted ther for
that purpose; or; at least; that from thence the motions of pirats
might be tymouslie foreseen。 This rough piece of work was finished
anno 1542; in which yer lykewayes the mouth of the river Dee was
locked with cheans of iron and masts of ships crossing the river;
not to be opened bot at the citizens' pleasure。〃*'7' After the
Union; but more especially after the rebellion of 1745; the trade
of Aberdeen made considerable progress。 Although Burns; in 1787;
briefly described the place as a 〃lazy toun;〃 the inhabitants were
displaying much energy in carrying out improvements in their
port。*'8' In 1775 the foundation…stone of the new pier designed by
Mr。 Smeaton was laid with great ceremony; and; the works proceeding
to completion; a new pier; twelve hundred feet long; terminating in
a round head; was finished in less than six years。 The trade of
the place was; however; as yet too small to justify anything beyond
a tidal harbour; and the engineer's views were limited to that
object。 He found the river meandering over an irregular space about
five hundred yards in breadth; and he applied the only practicable
remedy; by confining the channel as much as the limited means
placed at his disposal enabled him to do; and directing the land
floods so as to act upon and diminish the bar。 Opposite the north
pier; on the south side of the river; Smeaton constructed a
breast…wall about half the length of the Pier。 Owing; however;
to a departure from that engineer's plans; by which the pier was
placed too far to the north; it was found that a heavy swell
entered the harbour; and; to obviate this formidable inconvenience;
a bulwark was projected from it; so as to occupy about one third of
the channel entrance。
The trade of the place continuing to increase; Mr。 Rennie was
called upon; in 1797; to examine and report upon the best means of
improving the harbour; when he recommended the construction of
floating docks upon the sandy flats called Foot Dee。 Nothing was
done at the time; as the scheme was very costly and considered
beyond the available means of the locality。 But the magistrates
kept the subject in mind; and when Mr。 Telford made his report on
the best means of improving the harbour in 1801; he intimated that
the inhabitants were ready to cooperate with the Government in
rendering it capable of accommodating ships of war; as far as their
circumstances would permit。
In 1807; the south pier…head; built by Smeaton; was destroyed by a
storm; and the time had arrived when something must be done; not
only to improve but even to preserve the port。 The magistrates
accordingly proceeded; in 1809; to rebuild the pier…head of cut
granite; and at the same time they applied to Parliament for
authority to carry out further improvements after the plan
recommended by Mr。 Telford; and the necessary powers were
conferred in the following year。 The new works comprehended a
large extension of the wharfage accommodation; the construction of
floating and graving docks; increased means of scouring the harbour
and ensuring greater depth of water on the bar across the river's
mouth; and the provision of a navigable communication between the
Aberdeenshire Canal and the new harbour。
'Image' Plan of Aberdeen Harbour
The extension of the north pier was first proceeded with; under the
superintendence of John Gibb; the resident engineer; and by the
year 1811 the whole length of 300 additional feet had been
completed。 The beneficial effects of this extension were so
apparent; that a general wish was expressed that it should be
carried further; and it was eventually determined to extend the
pier 780 feet beyond Smeaton's head; by which not only was much
deeper water secured; but vessels were better enabled to clear the
Girdleness Point。 This extension was successfully carried out by
the end of the year 1812。 A strong breakwater; about 800 feet long;
was also run out from the south shore; leaving a space of about 250
feet as an entrance; thereby giving greater protection to the
shipping in the harbour; while the contraction of the channel; by
increasing the 〃scour;〃 tended to give a much greater depth of
water on the bar。
'Image' Aberdeen Harbour。
The outer head of the pier was seriously injured by the heavy
storms of the two succeeding winters; which rendered it necessary
to alter its formation to a very flat slope of about five to one
all round the head。*'9'
'Image' Section of pier…head work。
New wharves were at the same time constructed inside the harbour;
a new channel for the river was excavated; which further