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第53章

the life of thomas telford-第53章

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from Keith Island on the eastward; so as to render the access more

easy。 The harbour; when thus finished; would; he estimated; give

about 17 feet depth at high water of spring tides。  He also

proposed to open a communication across the causeway between the

north and south harbours; and form a wet dock between them; 580

feet long and 225 feet wide; the water being kept in by gates at

each end。  He further proposed to provide an entirely new harbour;

by constructing two extensive piers for the effectual protection of

the northern part of the channel; running out one from a rock north

of the Green Island; about 680 feet long; and another from the Roan

Head; 450 feet long; leaving an opening between them of 70 yards。

This comprehensive plan unhappily could not be carried out at the

time for want of funds; but it may be said to have formed the

groundwork of all that has been subsequently done for the

improvement of the port of Peterhead。



It was resolved; in the first place; to commence operations by

improving the south harbour; and protecting it more effectually

from south…easterly winds。  The bottom of the harbour was

accordingly deepened by cutting out 30;000 cubic yards of rocky

ground; and part of Mr。 Rennie's design was carried out by

extending the jetty of the west pier; though only for a distance of

twenty yards。  These works were executed under Mr。 Telford's

directions; they were completed by the end of the year 1811; and

proved to be of great public convenience。



The trade of the town; however; so much increased; and the port was

found of such importance as a place of refuge for vessels

frequenting the north seas; that in 1816 it was determined to

proceed with the formation of a harbour on the northern part of the

old channel; and the inhabitants having agreed among themselves to

contribute to the extent of 10;000L。 towards carrying out the

necessary works; they applied for the grant of a like sum from the

Forfeited Estates Fund; which was eventually voted for the purpose。

The plan adopted was on a more limited scale than that Proposed by

Mr。 Rennie; but in the same direction and contrived with the same

object;so that; when completed; vessels of the largest burden

employed in the Greenland fishery might be able to enter one or

other of the two harbours and find safe shelter; from whatever

quarter the wind might blow。



The works were vigorously proceeded with; and had made considerable

progress; when; in October; 1819; a violent hurricane from the

north…east; which raged along the coast for several days; and

inflicted heavy damage on many of the northern harbours; destroyed

a large part of the unfinished masonry and hurled the heaviest

blocks into the sea; tossing them about as if they had been

pebbles。  The finished work had; however; stood well; and the

foundations of the piers under low water were ascertained to have

remained comparatively uninjured。  There was no help for it but to

repair the damaged work; though it involved a heavy additional

cost; one…half of which was borne by the Forfeited Estates Fund and

the remainder by the inhabitants。  Increased strength was also

given to the more exposed parts of the pierwork; and the slope at

the sea side of the breakwater was considerably extended。*'2'

Those alterations in the design were carried out; together with a

spacious graving…dock; as shown in the preceding plan; and they

proved completely successful; enabling Peterhead to offer an amount

of accommodation for shipping of a more effectual kind than was at

that time to be met with along the whole eastern coast of Scotland。



The old harbour of Frazerburgh; situated on a projecting point of

the coast at the foot of Mount Kennaird; about twenty miles north

of Peterhead; had become so ruinous that vessels lying within it

received almost as little shelter as if they had been exposed in

the open sea。  Mr。 Rennie had prepared a plan for its improvement

by running out a substantial north…eastern pier; and this was

eventually carried out by Mr。 Telford in a modified form; proving

of substantial service to the trade of the port。  Since then a

large and commodious new harbour has been formed at the place;

partly at the public expense and partly at that of the inhabitants;

rendering Frazerburgh a safe retreat for vessels of war as well as

merchantmen。



'Image' Banff。



Among the other important harbour works on the northeast coast

carried out by Mr。 Telford under the Commissioners appointed to

administer the funds of the Forfeited Estates; were those at Banff;

the execution of which extended over many years; but; though

costly; they did not prove of anything like the same convenience as

those executed at Peterhead。  The old harbour at the end of the

ridge running north and south; on which what is called the

〃sea town〃 of Banff is situated; was completed in 1775; when the

place was already considered of some importance as a fishing station。



'Image' Banff Harbour。



This harbour occupies the triangular space at the north…eastern

extremity of the projecting point of land; at the opposite side of

which; fronting the north…west; is the little town and harbour of

Macduff。  In 1816; Mr。 Telford furnished the plan of a new pier

and breakwater; covering the old entrance; which presented an

opening to the N。N。E。; with a basin occupying the intermediate

space。 The inhabitants agreed to defray one half of the necessary

cost; and the Commissioners the other; and the plans having been

approved; the works were commenced in 1818。  They were in full

progress when; unhappily; the same hurricane which in 1819 did so

much injury to the works at Peterhead; also fell upon those at

Banff; and carried away a large part of the unfinished pier。

This accident had the effect of interrupting the work; as well as

increasing its cost; but the whole was successfully completed by

the year 1822。  Although the new harbour did not prove very safe;

and exhibited a tendency to become silted up with sand; it proved

of use in many respects; more particularly in preventing all swell

and agitation in the old harbour; which was thereby rendered the

safest artificial haven in the Murray Firth。



It is unnecessary to specify the alterations and improvements of a

similar character; adapted to the respective localities; which were

carried out by our engineer at Burgh Head; Nairn; Kirkwall; Tarbet;

Tobermory; Portmaholmac; Dingwall (with its canal two thousand

yards long; connecting the town in a complete manner with the Frith

of Cromarty); Cullen; Fortrose; Ballintraed; Portree; Jura;

Gourdon; Invergordon; and other places。  Down to the year 1823;

the Commissioners had expended 108;530L。 on the improvements of

these several ports; in aid of the local contributions of the

inhabitants and adjoining proprietors to a considerably greater

extent; the result of which was a great increase in the shipping

accommodation of the coast towns; to the benefit of the local

population; and of ship…owners and navigators generally。



Mr。 Telford's principal harbour works in Scotland; however; were

those of Aberdeen and Dundee; which; next to Leith (the port of

Edinburgh); formed the principal havens along the east coast。

The neighbourhood of Aberdeen was originally so wild and barren that

Telford expressed his surprise that any class of men should ever

have settled there。  An immense shoulder of the Grampian mountains

extends down to the sea…coast; where it terminates in a bold; rude

promontory。  The country on either side of the Dee; which flows

past the town; was originally covered with innumerable granite

blocks; one; called Craig Metellan; lying right in the river's

mouth; and forming; with the sand; an almost effectual bar to its

navigation。 Although; in ancient times; a little cultivable land

lay immediately outside the town; the region beyond was as sterile

as it is possible for land to be in such 

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