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the life of thomas telford-第52章

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*'10' Letter to Mr。 Andrew Little; Langholm; dated Salop; 18th

February; 1803。



*'11' The names of Celtic places are highly descriptive。

Thus Craig…Ellachie literally means; the rock of separation; Badenoch;

bushy or woody; Cairngorm; the blue cairn; Lochinet; the lake of nests;

Balknockan; the town of knolls; Dalnasealg; the hunting dale;

Alt'n dater; the burn of the horn…blower; and so on。



*'12' Sir Thomas Dick Lauder has vividly described the destructive

character of the Spey…side inundations in his capital book on the

'Morayshire Floods。'



*'13' 'Report of the Commissioners on Highland Roads and Bridges。'

Appendix to 'Life of Telford;' p。 400。





CHAPTER IX。



TELFORD'S SCOTCH HARBOURS。



No sooner were the Highland roads and bridges in full progress;

than attention was directed to the improvement of the harbours

round the coast。  Very little had as yet been done for them beyond

what nature had effected。  Happily; there was a public fund at

disposalthe accumulation of rents and profits derived from the

estates forfeited at the rebellion of 1745which was available for

the purpose。   The suppression of the rebellion did good in many ways。

It broke the feudal spirit; which lingered in the Highlands long

after it had ceased in every other part of Britain; it led to the

effectual opening up of the country by a system of good roads;

and now the accumulated rents of the defeated Jacobite chiefs were

about to be applied to the improvement of the Highland harbours for

the benefit of the general population。



The harbour of Wick was one of the first to which Mr。 Telford's

attention was directed。  Mr。 Rennie had reported on the subject of

its improvement as early as the year 1793; but his plans were not

adopted because their execution was beyond the means of the

locality at that time。  The place had now; however; become of

considerable importance。  It was largely frequented by Dutch

fishermen during the herring season; and it was hoped that; if they

could be induced to form a settlement at the place; their example

might exercise a beneficial influence upon the population。



Mr。 Telford reported that; by the expenditure of about 5890L。; a

capacious and well…protected tidal basin might be formed; capable

of containing about two hundred herring…busses。  The Commission

adopted his plan; and voted the requisite funds for carrying out

the works; which were begun in 1808。  The new station was named

Pulteney Town; in compliment to Sir William Pulteney; the Governor

of the Fishery Society; and the harbour was built at a cost of

about 12;000L。; of which 8500L。 was granted from the Forfeited

Estates Fund。  A handsome stone bridge; erected over the River Wick

in 1805; after the design of our engineer; connect's these

improvements with the older town: it is formed of three arches;

having a clear waterway of 156 feet。



The money was well expended; as the result proved; and Wick is now;

we believe; the greatest fishing station in the world。  The place

has increased from a little poverty…stricken village to a large and

thriving town; which swarms during the fishing season with lowland

Scotchmen; fair Northmen; broad…built Dutchmen; and kilted

Highlanders。 The bay is at that time frequented by upwards of a

thousand fishing…boats and the take of herrings in some years

amounts to more than a hundred thousand barrels。  The harbour has

of late years been considerably improved to meet the growing

requirements of the herring trade; the principal additions having

been carried out; in 1823; by Mr。 Bremner;*'1' a native engineer

of great ability。



'Image' Folkestone Harbour。



Improvements of a similar kind were carried out by the Fishery

Board at other parts of the coast; and many snug and convenient

harbours were provided at the principal fishing stations in the

Highlands and Western Islands。  Where the local proprietors were

themselves found expending money in carrying out piers and harbours;

the Board assisted them with grants to enable the works to be

constructed in the most substantial manner and after the most

approved plans。 Thus; along that part of the bold northern coast of

the mainland of Scotland which projects into the German Ocean; many

old harbours were improved or new ones constructedas at Peterhead;

Frazerburgh; Banff; Cullen; Burgh Head; and Nairn。  At Fortrose;

in the Murray Frith; at Dingwall; in the Cromarty Frith;

at Portmaholmac; within Tarbet Ness; the remarkable headland of the

Frith of Dornoch; at Kirkwall; the principal town and place of

resort in the Orkney Islands; so well known from Sir Walter Scott's

description of it in the 'Pirate;' at Tobermory; in the island of

Mull; and at other points of the coast; piers were erected and

other improvements carried out to suit the convenience of the

growing traffic and trade of the country。



The principal works were those connected with the harbours situated

upon the line of coast extending from the harbour of Peterhead;

in the county of Aberdeen; round to the head of the Murray Frith。

The shores there are exposed to the full force of the seas rolling in

from the Northern Ocean; and safe harbours were especially needed

for the protection of the shipping passing from north to south。

Wrecks had become increasingly frequent; and harbours of refuge

were loudly called for。  At one part of the coast; as many as

thirty wrecks had occurred within a very short time; chiefly for

want of shelter。



The situation of Peterhead peculiarly well adapted it for a haven

of refuge; and the improvement of the port was early regarded as a

matter of national importance。  Not far from it; on the south; are

the famous Bullars or Boilers of Buchanbold rugged rocks; some

200 feet high; against which the sea beats with great fury; boiling

and churning in the deep caves and recesses with which they are

perforated。  Peterhead stands on the most easterly part of the

mainland of Scotland; occupying the north…east side of the bay;

and being connected with the country on the northwest by an isthmus

only 800 yards broad。  In Cromwell's time; the port possessed only

twenty tons of boat tonnage; and its only harbour was a small basin

dug out of the rock。  Even down to the close of the sixteenth

century the place was but an insignificant fishing village。  It is

now a town bustling with trade; having long been the principal seat

of the whale fishery; 1500 men of the port being engaged in that

pursuit alone; and it sends out ships of its own building to all

parts of the world; its handsome and commodious harbours being

accessible at all winds to vessels of almost the largest burden。



'Image' Peterhead



It may be mentioned that about sixty years since; the port was

formed by the island called Keith Island; situated a small distance

eastward from the shore; between which and the mainland an arm of

the sea formerly passed。  A causeway had; however; been formed

across this channel; thus dividing it into two small bays; after

which the southern one had been converted in to a harbour by means

of two rude piers erected along either side of it。  The north inlet

remained without any pier; and being very inconvenient and exposed

to the north…easterly winds; it was little used。



'Image' Peterhead Harbour。



The first works carried out at Peterhead were of a comparatively

limited character; the old piers of the south harbour having been

built by Smeaton; but improvements proceeded apace with the

enterprise and wealth of the inhabitants。  Mr。 Rennie; and after

him Mr。 Telford; fully reported as to the capabilities of the port

and the best means of improving it。  Mr。 Rennie recommended the

deepening of the south harbour and the extension of the jetty of

the west pier; at the same time cutting off all projections of rock

from Keith Island on the eastward; so as to render the access more

easy。 The harbour; when thus finishe

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