the life of thomas telford-第26章
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constructing the railway across Chat Moss。 It consisted simply in a
large extension of the bearing surface; by which; in fact; the road
was made to float upon the surface of the bog; and the ingenuity of
the expedient proved the practical shrewdness and mother…wit of the
blind Metcalf; as it afterwards illustrated the promptitude as well
as skill of the clear…sighted George Stephenson。
Metcalf was upwards of seventy years old before he left off
road…making。 He was still hale and hearty; wonderfully active for
so old a man; and always full of enterprise。 Occupation was
absolutely necessary for his comfort; and even to the last day of
his life he could not bear to be idle。 While engaged on road…making
in Cheshire; he brought his wife to Stockport for a time;
and there she died; after thirty…nine years of happy married life。
One of Metcalf's daughters became married to a person engaged in
the cotton business at Stockport; and; as that trade was then very
brisk; Metcalf himself commenced it in a small way。 He began with
six spinning…jennies and a carding…engine; to which he afterwards
added looms for weaving calicoes; jeans; and velveteens。 But trade
was fickle; and finding that he could not sell his yarns except at
a loss; he made over his jennies to his son…in…law; and again went
on with his road…making。 The last line which he constructed was
one of the most difficult he had everundertaken; that between
Haslingden and Accrington; with a branch road to Bury。 Numerous
canals being under construction at the same time; employment was
abundant and wages rose; so that though he honourably fulfilled his
contract; and was paid for it the sum of 3500L。; he found himself a
loser of exactly 40L。 after two years' labour and anxiety。
He completed the road in 1792; when he was seventy…five years of age;
after which he retired to his farm at Spofforth; near Wetherby;
where for some years longer he continued to do a little business in
his old line; buying and selling hay and standing wood; and
superintending the operations of his little farm; During the later
years of his career he occupied himself in dictating to an
amanuensis an account of the incidents in his remarkable life;
and finally; in the year 1810; this strong…hearted and resolute man
his life's work overlaid down his staff and peacefully departed
in the ninety…third year of his age; leaving behind him four
children; twenty grand…children; and ninety great grand…children。
'Image' Metcalf's house at Spofforth。
The roads constructed by Metcalf and others had the effect of
greatly improving the communications of Yorkshire and Lancashire;
and opening up those counties to the trade then flowing into them
from all directions。 But the administration of the highways and
turnpikes being entirely local; their good or bad management
depending upon the public spirit and enterprise of the gentlemen of
the locality; it frequently happened that while the roads of one
county were exceedingly good; those of the adjoining county were
altogether execrable。
Even in the immediate vicinity of the metropolis the Surrey roads
remained comparatively unimproved。 Those through the interior of
Kent were wretched。 When Mr。 Rennie; the engineer; was engaged in
surveying the Weald with a view to the cutting of a canal through
it in 1802; he found the country almost destitute of practicable
roads; though so near to the metropolis on the one hand and to the
sea…coast on the other。 The interior of the county was then
comparatively untraversed; except by bands of smugglers; who kept
the inhabitants in a state of constant terror。 In an agricultural
report on the county of Northampton as late as the year 1813; it
was stated that the only way of getting along some of the main
lines of road in rainy weather; was by swimming!
In the neighbourhood of the city of Lincoln the communications were
little better; and there still stands upon what is called Lincoln
Heaththough a heath no longera curious memorial of the past in
the shape of Dunstan Pillar; a column seventy feet high; erected
about the middle of last century in the midst of the then dreary;
barren waste; for the purpose of serving as a mark to wayfarers by
day and a beacon to them by night。*'2'
'Image' Land Lighthouse on Lincoln Heath。
At that time the Heath was not only uncultivated; but it was also
unprovided with a road across it。 When the late Lady Robert
Manners visited Lincoln from her residence at Bloxholm; she was
accustomed to send forward a groom to examine some track; that on
his return he might be able to report one that was practicable。
Travellers frequently lost themselves upon this heath。 Thus a
family; returning from a ball at Lincoln; strayed from the track
twice in one night; and they were obliged to remain there until
morning。 All this is now changed; and Lincoln Heath has become
covered with excellent roads and thriving farmsteads。
〃This Dunstan Pillar;〃 says Mr。 Pusey; in his review of the
agriculture of Lincolnshire; in 1843; 〃lighted up no longer time
ago for so singular a purpose; did appear to me a striking witness
of the spirit of industry which; in our own days; has reared the
thriving homesteads around it; and spread a mantle of teeming
vegetation to its very base。 And it was certainly surprising to
discover at once the finest farming I had ever seen and the only
land lighthouse ever raised。*'3' Now that the pillar has ceased to
cheer the wayfarer; it may serve as a beacon to encourage other
landowners in converting their dreary moors into similar scenes of
thriving industry。〃*'4' When the improvement of the high roads of
the country fairly set in; the progress made was very rapid。
This was greatly stimulated by the important inventions of tools;
machines; and engines; made towards the close of last century;
the products of whichmore especially of the steam…engine and
spinning…machineso largely increased the wealth of the nation。
Manufactures; commerce; and shipping; made unprecedented strides;
life became more active; persons and commodities circulated more
rapidly; every improvement in the internal communications being
followed by an increase of ease; rapidity; and economy in
locomotion。 Turnpike and post roads were speedily extended all
over the country; and even the rugged mountain districts of North
Wales and the Scotch Highlands became as accessible as any English
county。 The riding postman was superseded by the smartly appointed
mail…coach; performing its journeys with remarkable regularity at
the average speed of ten miles an hour。 Slow stagecoaches gave
place to fast ones; splendidly horsed and 〃tooled;〃 until
travelling by road in England was pronounced almost perfect。
But all this was not enough。 The roads and canals; numerous and
perfect though they might be; were found altogether inadequate to
the accommodation of the traffic of the country; which had
increased; at a constantly accelerating ratio; with the increased
application of steam power to the purposes of productive industry。
At length steam itself was applied to remedy the inconveniences
which it had caused; the locomotive engine was invented; and
travelling by railway became generally adopted。 The effect of
these several improvements in the means of locomotion; has been to
greatly increase the public activity; and to promote the general
comfort and well…being。 They have tended to bring the country and
the town much closer together; and; by annihilating distance as
measured by time; to make the whole kingdom as one great city。
What the personal blessings of improved communication have been; no
one has described so well as the witty and sensible Sydney Smith:
〃It is of some importance;〃 he wrote; 〃at what period
a man is born。 A young man alive at this period
hardly knows to what improvement of human life he has
been introduced; an