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the life of thomas telford-第12章

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and funnel for the smoke; was so roomy in old cottages as to

accommodate almost the whole family sitting around the fire of logs

piled in the reredosse in the middle; and there they carried on

their winter's work。



Such was the domestic occupation of women in the rural districts in

olden times; and it may perhaps be questioned whether the

revolution in our social system; which has taken out of their hands

so many branches of household manufacture and useful domestic

employment; be an altogether unmixed blessing。



Winter at an end; and the roads once more available for travelling;

the Fair of the locality was looked forward to with interest。  Fairs

were among the most important institutions of past times; and were

rendered necessary by the imperfect road communications。 The right

of holding them was regarded as a valuable privilege; conceded by

the sovereign to the lords of the manors; who adopted all manner of

devices to draw crowds to their markets。  They were usually held at

the entrances to valleys closed against locomotion during winter;

or in the middle of rich grazing districts; or; more frequently; in

the neighbourhood of famous cathedrals or churches frequented by

flocks of pilgrims。  The devotion of the people being turned to

account; many of the fairs were held on Sundays in the churchyards;

and almost in every parish a market was instituted on the day on

which the parishioners were called together to do honour to their

patron saint。



The local fair; which was usually held at the beginning or end of

winter; often at both times; became the great festival as well as

market of the district; and the business as well as the gaiety of

the neighbourhood usually centred on such occasions。  High courts

were held by the Bishop or Lord of the Manor; to accommodate which

special buildings were erected; used only at fair time。  Among the

fairs of the first class in England were Winchester; St。 Botolph's

Town (Boston); and St。 Ives。  We find the great London merchants

travelling thither in caravans; bearing with them all manner of

goods; and bringing back the wool purchased by them in exchange。



Winchester Great Fair attracted merchants from all parts of Europe。

It was held on the hill of St。 Giles; and was divided into streets

of booths; named after the merchants of the different countries who

exposed their wares in them。  〃The passes through the great woody

districts; which English merchants coming from London and the West

would be compelled to traverse; were on this occasion carefully

guarded by mounted 'serjeants…at…arms;' since the wealth which was

being conveyed to St。 Giles's…hill attracted bands of outlaws from

all parts of the country。〃*'4'  Weyhill Fair; near Andover; was

another of the great fairs in the same district; which was to the

West country agriculturists and clothiers what Winchester St。

Giles's Fair was to the general merchants。



The principal fair in the northern districts was that of

St。 Botolph's Town (Boston); which was resorted to by people from

great distances to buy and sell commodities of various kinds。

Thus we find; from the 'Compotus' of Bolton Priory;*'5' that the

monks of that house sent their wool to St。 Botolph's Fair to be sold;

though it was a good hundred miles distant; buying in return their

winter supply of groceries; spiceries; and other necessary

articles。 That fair; too; was often beset by robbers; and on one

occasion a strong party of them; under the disguise of monks;

attacked and robbed certain booths; setting fire to the rest; and

such was the amount of destroyed wealth; that it is said the veins

of molten gold and silver ran along the streets。



The concourse of persons attending these fairs was immense。

The nobility and gentry; the heads of the religions houses; the

yeomanry and the commons; resorted to them to buy and sell all

manner of agricultural produce。  The farmers there sold their wool

and cattle; and hired their servants; while their wives disposed of

the surplus produce of their winter's industry; and bought their

cutlery; bijouterie; and more tasteful articles of apparel。

There were caterers there for all customers; and stuffs and wares

were offered for sale from all countries。  And in the wake of this

business part of the fair there invariably followed a crowd of

ministers to the popular tastes quack doctors and merry andrews;

jugglers and minstrels; singlestick players; grinners through

horse…collars; and sportmakers of every kind。



Smaller fairs were held in most districts for similar purposes of

exchange。  At these the staples of the locality were sold and

servants usually hired。  Many were for special purposescattle

fairs; leather fairs; cloth fairs; bonnet fairs; fruit fairs。

Scatcherd says that less than a century ago a large fair was held

between Huddersfield and Leeds; in a field still called Fairstead;

near Birstal; which used to be a great mart for fruit; onions; and

such like; and that the clothiers resorted thither from all the

country round to purchase the articles; which were stowed away in

barns; and sold at booths by lamplight in the morning。*'6'  Even

Dartmoor had its fair; on the site of an ancient British village or

temple near Merivale Bridge; testifying to its great antiquity; for

it is surprising how an ancient fair lingers about the place on

which it has been accustomed to be held; long after the necessity

for it has ceased。  The site of this old fair at Merivale Bridge is

the more curious; as in its immediate neighbourhood; on the road

between Two Bridges and Tavistock; is found the singular…looking

granite rock; bearing so remarkable a resemblance to the Egyptian

sphynx; in a mutilated state。  It is of similarly colossal

proportions; and stands in a district almost as lonely as that in

which the Egyptian sphynx looks forth over the sands of the

Memphean Desert。*'7'



'Image' Site of an ancient British village and fair on Dartmoor。



The last occasion on which the fair was held in this secluded spot

was in the year 1625; when the plague raged at Tavistock; and there

is a part of the ground; situated amidst a line of pillars marking

a stone avenuea characteristic feature of the ancient aboriginal

worshipwhich is to this day pointed out and called by the name of

the 〃Potatoe market。〃



But the glory of the great fairs has long since departed。  They

declined with the extension of turnpikes; and railroads gave them

their death…blow。  Shops now exist in every little town and

village; drawing their supplies regularly by road and canal from

the most distant parts。  St。 Bartholomew; the great fair of

London;*'8' and Donnybrook; the great fair of Dublin; have been

suppressed as nuisances; and nearly all that remains of the dead

but long potent institution of the Fair; is the occasional

exhibition at periodic times in country places; of pig…faced

ladies; dwarfs; giants; double…bodied calves; and such…like

wonders; amidst a blatant clangour of drums; gongs; and cymbals。

Like the sign of the Pack…Horse over the village inn door; the

modern village fair; of which the principal article of merchandise

is gingerbread…nuts; is but the vestige of a state of things that

has long since passed away。



There were; however; remote and almost impenetrable districts which

long resisted modern inroads。  Of such was Dartmoor; which we have

already more than once referred to。  The difficulties of

road…engineering in that quarter; as well as the sterility of a

large proportion of the moor; had the effect of preventing its

becoming opened up to modern traffic; and it is accordingly curious

to find how much of its old manners; customs; traditions; and

language has been preserved。  It looks like a piece of England of

the Middle Ages; left behind on the march。  Witches still hold

their sway on Dartmoor; where there exist no less than three

distinct kinds white; black; and grey;*'9'and there

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