shorter logic-µÚ61ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
actuality¡¡is¡¡the¡¡more¡¡comprehensive£»¡¡because¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡concrete¡¡thought¡¡which¡¡includes¡¡possibility
as¡¡an¡¡abstract¡¡element¡£¡¡And¡¡that¡¡superiority¡¡is¡¡to¡¡some¡¡extent¡¡expressed¡¡in¡¡our¡¡ordinary¡¡mode¡¡of
thought¡¡when¡¡we¡¡speak¡¡of¡¡the¡¡possible£»¡¡in¡¡distinction¡¡from¡¡the¡¡actual£»¡¡as¡¡only¡¡possible¡£¡¡Possibility
is¡¡often¡¡said¡¡to¡¡consist¡¡in¡¡a¡¡thing's¡¡being¡¡thinkable¡£¡¡
'Think'¡¡however£»¡¡in¡¡this¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡word£»¡¡only¡¡means¡¡to¡¡conceive¡¡any¡¡content¡¡under¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡an
abstract¡¡identity¡£¡¡Now£»¡¡every¡¡content¡¡can¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡under¡¡this¡¡form£»¡¡since¡¡nothing¡¡is¡¡required
except¡¡to¡¡separate¡¡it¡¡from¡¡the¡¡relation¡¡in¡¡which¡¡it¡¡stands¡£¡¡Hence£»¡¡any¡¡content£»¡¡however¡¡absurd¡¡and
nonsensical£»¡¡can¡¡be¡¡viewed¡¡as¡¡possible¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡that¡¡the¡¡moon¡¡may¡¡fall¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Earth
tonight£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡moon¡¡is¡¡a¡¡body¡¡separate¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Earth¡¡and¡¡may¡¡as¡¡well¡¡fall¡¡down¡¡upon¡¡it¡¡as¡¡a
stone¡¡thrown¡¡into¡¡the¡¡air¡¡does¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡In¡¡language¡¡like¡¡this¡¡about¡¡possibilities£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡chiefly¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of
sufficient¡¡ground¡¡or¡¡reason¡¡which¡¡is¡¡manipulated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡style¡¡already¡¡explained¡£¡¡Everything£»¡¡it¡¡is
said£»¡¡is¡¡possible£»¡¡for¡¡which¡¡you¡¡can¡¡state¡¡some¡¡ground¡£¡¡The¡¡less¡¡education¡¡a¡¡man¡¡has£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡other
words£»¡¡the¡¡less¡¡he¡¡knows¡¡of¡¡the¡¡specific¡¡connection¡¡of¡¡the¡¡objects¡¡to¡¡which¡¡he¡¡directs¡¡his
observations£»¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡is¡¡his¡¡tendency¡¡to¡¡launch¡¡out¡¡into¡¡all¡¡sorts¡¡of¡¡empty¡¡possibilities¡£¡¡An
instance¡¡of¡¡this¡¡habit¡¡in¡¡the¡¡political¡¡sphere¡¡is¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡the¡¡pot¡house¡¡politician¡£¡¡In¡¡practical¡¡life¡¡too¡¡it
is¡¡no¡¡uncommon¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡see¡¡ill¡¡will¡¡and¡¡indolence¡¡slink¡¡behind¡¡the¡¡category¡¡of¡¡possibility£»¡¡in¡¡order
to¡¡escape¡¡definite¡¡obligations¡£¡¡To¡¡such¡¡conduct¡¡the¡¡same¡¡remarks¡¡apply¡¡as¡¡were¡¡made¡¡in
connection¡¡with¡¡the¡¡law¡¡of¡¡sufficient¡¡ground¡£¡¡Reasonable¡¡and¡¡practical¡¡men¡¡refused¡¡to¡¡be¡¡imposed
upon¡¡by¡¡the¡¡possible£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡simple¡¡ground¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡only¡£¡¡They¡¡stick¡¡to¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡£¨not
meaning¡¡by¡¡that¡¡word¡¡merely¡¡whatever¡¡immediately¡¡is¡¡now¡¡and¡¡here£©¡£¡¡Many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡proverbs¡¡of
common¡¡life¡¡express¡¡the¡¡same¡¡contempt¡¡for¡¡what¡¡is¡¡abstractly¡¡possible¡£¡¡'A¡¡bird¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hand¡¡is
worth¡¡two¡¡in¡¡the¡¡bush'¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Everything¡¡is¡¡Possible¡¡£¿
After¡¡all£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡as¡¡good¡¡reason¡¡for¡¡taking¡¡everything¡¡to¡¡be¡¡impossible¡¡as¡¡to¡¡be¡¡possible£º¡¡for¡¡every
content¡¡£¨a¡¡content¡¡is¡¡always¡¡concrete£©¡¡includes¡¡not¡¡only¡¡diverse¡¡but¡¡even¡¡opposite¡¡characteristics¡£
Nothing¡¡is¡¡so¡¡impossible¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡as¡¡this£»¡¡that¡¡I¡¡am£º¡¡for¡¡'I'¡¡is¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡simple
self¡relation¡¡and£»¡¡as¡¡undoubtedly£»¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡something¡¡else¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡may¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡every¡¡other
fact¡¡in¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡or¡¡spiritual¡¡world¡£¡¡Matter£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡said£»¡¡is¡¡impossible£º¡¡for¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡unity¡¡of
attraction¡¡and¡¡repulsion¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡is¡¡true¡¡of¡¡life£»¡¡law£»¡¡freedom¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡
Generally¡¡speaking£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡empty¡¡understanding¡¡which¡¡haunts¡¡these¡¡empty¡¡forms£º¡¡and¡¡the
business¡¡of¡¡philosophy¡¡in¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡is¡¡to¡¡show¡¡how¡¡null¡¡and¡¡meaningless¡¡they¡¡are¡£¡¡Whether¡¡a¡¡thing
is¡¡possible¡¡or¡¡impossible£»¡¡depends¡¡altogether¡¡on¡¡the¡¡subject¡matter£º¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡sum¡¡total¡¡of¡¡the
elements¡¡in¡¡actuality£»¡¡which£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡opens¡¡itself¡¡out£»¡¡discloses¡¡itself¡¡to¡¡be¡¡necessity¡£¡¡
£¿¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ì¡¡144
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§b£§¡¡Contingency¡¡£¨accidents£©
But¡¡the¡¡Actual¡¡in¡¡its¡¡distinction¡¡from¡¡possibility¡¡£¨which¡¡is¡¡reflection¡into¡self£©¡¡is
only¡¡the¡¡outward¡¡concrete£»¡¡the¡¡unessential¡¡immediate¡£¡¡In¡¡other¡¡words£»¡¡to¡¡such
extent¡¡as¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡is¡¡primarily¡¡the¡¡simple¡¡merely¡¡immediate¡¡unity¡¡of¡¡Inward¡¡and
Outward£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡obviously¡¡made¡¡an¡¡unessential¡¡outward£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time
it¡¡is¡¡merely¡¡inward£»¡¡the¡¡abstraction¡¡of¡¡reflection¡into¡self¡£¡¡Hence¡¡it¡¡is¡¡itself
characterised¡¡as¡¡a¡¡merely¡¡possible¡£¡¡When¡¡thus¡¡valued¡¡at¡¡the¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡a¡¡mere
possibility£»¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡is¡¡a¡¡Contingent¡¡or¡¡Accidental£»¡¡and£»¡¡conversely£»¡¡possibility
is¡¡mere¡¡Accident¡¡itself¡¡or¡¡Chance¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ì¡¡145
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Possibility¡¡and¡¡Contingency
Possibility¡¡and¡¡Contingency¡¡are¡¡the¡¡two¡¡factors¡¡of¡¡Actuality¡¡¡¡¡Inward¡¡and
Outward£»¡¡put¡¡as¡¡mere¡¡forms¡¡which¡¡constitute¡¡the¡¡externality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡actual¡£¡¡They
have¡¡their¡¡reflection¡into¡self¡¡on¡¡the¡¡body¡¡of¡¡actual¡¡fact£»¡¡or¡¡content£»¡¡with¡¡its
intrinsic¡¡definitiveness¡¡which¡¡gives¡¡essential¡¡ground¡¡of¡¡their¡¡characterisation¡£¡¡The
finitude¡¡of¡¡the¡¡contingent¡¡and¡¡the¡¡possible¡¡lies£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡now¡¡see£»¡¡in¡¡the
distinction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡form¡determination¡¡from¡¡the¡¡content£º¡¡and£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡it¡¡depends
on¡¡the¡¡content¡¡alone¡¡whether¡¡anything¡¡is¡¡contingent¡¡and¡¡possible¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ì¡¡145n
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Free¡¡Will
As¡¡possibility¡¡is¡¡the¡¡mere¡¡inside¡¡of¡¡actuality£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡for¡¡that¡¡reason¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡outside¡¡actuality£»¡¡in¡¡other
words£»¡¡Contingency¡£¡¡The¡¡contingent£»¡¡roughly¡¡speaking£»¡¡is¡¡what¡¡has¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡of¡¡its¡¡being¡¡not¡¡in
itself¡¡but¡¡in¡¡somewhat¡¡else¡£¡¡Such¡¡is¡¡the¡¡aspect¡¡under¡¡which¡¡actuality¡¡first¡¡comes¡¡before
consciousness£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡is¡¡often¡¡mistaken¡¡for¡¡actuality¡¡itself¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡contingent¡¡is¡¡only¡¡one¡¡side
of¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡side¡¡namely£»¡¡of¡¡reflection¡¡on¡¡somewhat¡¡else¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡actual£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡signification¡¡of
something¡¡merely¡¡possible¡£¡¡Accordingly¡¡we¡¡consider¡¡the¡¡contingent¡¡to¡¡be¡¡what¡¡may¡¡or¡¡may¡¡not
be£»¡¡what¡¡may¡¡be¡¡in¡¡one¡¡way¡¡or¡¡another£»¡¡whose¡¡being¡¡or¡¡not¡being£»¡¡and¡¡whose¡¡being¡¡in¡¡this¡¡way¡¡or
otherwise£»¡¡depends¡¡not¡¡upon¡¡itself¡¡but¡¡on¡¡something¡¡else¡£¡¡
To¡¡overcome¡¡this¡¡contingency¡¡is£»¡¡roughly¡¡speaking£»¡¡the¡¡problem¡¡of¡¡science¡¡on¡¡the¡¡one¡¡hand£»¡¡as¡¡in
the¡¡range¡¡of¡¡practice£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡action¡¡is¡¡to¡¡rise¡¡above¡¡the¡¡contingency¡¡of¡¡the¡¡will£»¡¡or
above¡¡caprice¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡however¡¡often¡¡happened£»¡¡most¡¡of¡¡all¡¡in¡¡modern¡¡times£»¡¡that¡¡contingency¡¡has
been¡¡unwarrantably¡¡elevated£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡a¡¡value¡¡attached¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡both¡¡in¡¡nature¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world¡¡of¡¡the
mind£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡it¡¡has¡¡no¡¡just¡¡claim¡£¡¡Frequently£»¡¡Nature£»¡¡to¡¡take¡¡it¡¡first£»¡¡has¡¡been¡¡chiefly¡¡admired¡¡for
the¡¡richness¡¡and¡¡variety¡¡of¡¡its¡¡structures¡£¡¡Apart¡¡however¡¡from¡¡what¡¡disclosure¡¡it¡¡contains¡¡of¡¡the
Idea£»¡¡this¡¡richness¡¡gratifies¡¡none¡¡of¡¡the¡¡higher¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡Reason£»¡¡and¡¡its¡¡vast¡¡variety¡¡of¡¡structures£»
organic¡¡and¡¡inorganic£»¡¡affords¡¡us¡¡only¡¡the¡¡spectacle¡¡of¡¡a¡¡contingency¡¡losing¡¡itself¡¡in¡¡vagueness¡£¡¡At
any¡¡rate£»¡¡the¡¡chequered¡¡scene¡¡presented¡¡by¡¡the¡¡several¡¡varieties¡¡of¡¡animals¡¡and¡¡plants£»¡¡conditioned
as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡by¡¡outward¡¡circumstances¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡complex¡¡changes¡¡in¡¡configuration¡¡and¡¡grouping¡¡of¡¡clouds£»
and¡¡the¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡ranked¡¡higher¡¡than¡¡the¡¡equally¡¡casual¡¡fancies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡which
surrenders¡¡itself¡¡to¡¡its¡¡own¡¡caprices¡£¡¡The¡¡wonderment¡¡with¡¡which¡¡such¡¡phenomena¡¡are¡¡welcomed
is¡¡a¡¡most¡¡abstract¡¡frame¡¡of¡¡mind£»¡¡from¡¡which¡¡one¡¡should¡¡advance¡¡to¡¡a¡¡closer¡¡insight¡¡into¡¡the¡¡inner
harmony¡¡and¡¡uniformity¡¡of¡¡nature¡£¡¡
£¿¡¡
Of¡¡contingency¡¡in¡¡respect¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Will¡¡it¡¡is¡¡especially¡¡important¡¡to¡¡form¡¡a¡¡proper¡¡estimate¡£¡¡The
Freedom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Will¡¡is¡¡an¡¡expression¡¡that¡¡often¡¡means¡¡mere¡¡free¡¡choice£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡will¡¡in¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of
contingency¡£¡¡Freedom¡¡of¡¡choice£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡capacity¡¡for¡¡determining¡¡ourselves¡¡towards¡¡one¡¡thing¡¡or
another£»¡¡or¡¡is¡¡undoubtedly¡¡a¡¡vital¡¡element¡¡in¡¡the¡¡will¡¡£¨which¡¡is¡¡in¡¡its¡¡very¡¡notion¡¡free£©£»¡¡but¡¡instead¡¡of
being¡¡freedom¡¡itself£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡it¡¡is¡¡only¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡instance¡¡a¡¡freedom¡¡in¡¡form¡£¡¡The¡¡genuinely¡¡free¡¡will£»
which¡¡includes¡¡free¡¡choice¡¡as¡¡suspended£»¡¡is¡¡conscious¡¡to¡¡itself¡¡that¡¡its¡¡content¡¡is¡¡intrinsically¡¡firm
and¡¡fast£»¡¡and¡¡knows¡¡it¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡to¡¡be¡¡thoroughly¡¡its¡¡own¡£¡¡A¡¡will£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡which
remains¡¡standing¡¡on¡¡the¡¡grade¡¡of¡¡option£»¡¡even¡¡supposing¡¡it¡¡does¡¡decide¡¡in¡¡favour¡¡of¡¡what¡¡is¡¡in
import¡¡right¡¡and¡¡true£»¡¡is¡¡always¡¡haunted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡conceit¡¡that¡¡it¡¡might£»¡¡if¡¡it¡¡had¡¡so¡¡pleased£»¡¡have
decided¡¡in¡¡favour¡¡of¡¡the¡¡reverse¡¡course¡£¡¡When¡¡more¡¡narrowly¡¡examined£»¡¡free¡¡choice¡¡is¡¡seen¡¡to¡¡be
a¡¡contradiction£»¡¡to¡¡this¡¡extent£»¡¡that¡¡its¡¡form¡¡and¡¡content¡¡stand¡¡in¡¡antithesis¡£¡¡The¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡choice¡¡is
given£»¡¡and¡¡known¡¡as¡¡a¡¡content¡¡dependent¡¡not¡¡on¡¡the¡¡will¡¡itself£»¡¡but¡¡on¡¡outward¡¡circumstances¡£¡¡In
reference¡¡to¡¡such¡¡a¡¡given¡¡content£»¡¡freedom¡¡lies¡¡only¡¡in¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡choosing£»¡¡which£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡only¡¡a
freedom¡¡in¡¡form£»¡¡may¡¡consequently¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡freedom¡¡only¡¡in¡¡supposition¡£¡¡On¡¡an¡¡ultimate
analysis¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡the¡¡same¡¡outwardness¡¡of¡¡circumstances£»¡¡on¡¡which¡¡is¡¡founded¡¡the
content¡¡that¡¡the¡¡will¡¡finds¡¡to¡¡its¡¡hand£»¡¡can¡¡alone¡¡account¡¡for¡¡the¡¡will¡¡giving¡¡its¡¡decision¡¡for¡¡the¡¡one
and¡¡not¡¡the¡¡other¡¡of¡¡the¡¡two¡¡alternatives¡£¡¡