shorter logic-第3章

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§　184。　（i）　Syllogism　is　completely　contingent　in　point　of　terms
…n。　The　Syllogisms　never　ceases　to　play　its　part　in　the　daily　business　of　life
§　185。　（ii）　Syllogism　is　completely　contingent　in　the　form　of　relation
§　186。　A　defect　in　the　Syllogism
§　187。　The　Figures
…n。　The　three　figures　of　the　Syllogism　each　takes　in　turn　the　place　of　the　extremes；　as　is　the
case　with　Idea；　Nature　&　Mind
§　188。　The　Round　of　the　Figures
…n。　These　mathematical　axioms　are　nothing　but　logical　propositions
§　189。　Developed　unity　of　Individuality　and　Particularity
§　190。　＇b＇　Syllogism　of　Reflection：　Allness；　Induction；　Analogy
…n。　The　syllogism　of　Induction
§　191。　＇c＇　Syllogism　of　Necessity：　Categorical；　Hypothetical；　Disjunctive　syllogisms
§　192。　These　difference　work　out　their　own　abolition
…n。　The　subjective　notion　is　the　dialectical　result　of　the　first　two　main　stages　of　the　Idea；　Being
and　Essence
§　193。　The　Realisation　of　the　Notion　is　the　Object　


B。　THE　OBJECT

§　194。　The　Object　is　Immediate　Being　suspended　in　itself
（1）　The　theory　which　regards　the　Object　as　Absolute　expresses　the　point　of　view　of
superstition　and　slavish　fear
（2）　Mechanism；　Chemism　and　Teleology　

（a）　Mechanism

§　195。　Formal　Mechanism
…n。　Mechanism　is　the　category　which　offers　itself　to　reflection　as　it　examines　the　objective
world
§　196。　Mechanism　with　Affinity
§　197。　Absolute　Mechanism
§　198。　A　triad　of　Syllogisms
§　199。　Affinity　

（b）　Chemism

§　200。　The　biased　Object
…n。　The　Chemical　object　is　seen　to　be　completely　in　reference　to　something　else
§　201。　The　Neutral　Object
§　202。　Immediate　Independence
…n。　The　chemical　process
§　203。　Each　process　goes　its　own　way
…n。　The　passage　from　chemism　to　teleology　

（c）　Teleology

§　204。　The　End
§　205。　External　Design
…n。　Final　cause　is　taken　to　mean　external　Design；　the　point　of　view　taken　by　Utility
§　206。　The　Subjective　End　coalesces　with　the　Objectivity　external　to　it
…n。　The　development　from　End　to　Idea
§　207。　（1）　Subjective　End
§　208。　（2）　Means
…n。　The　execution　of　the　End　is　the　mediated　mode　of　realising　the　End
§　209。　Means　and　Ends　must　be　mediated
…n。　Reason　is　as　cunning　as　it　is　powerful
§　210。　Realised　End　is　overt　unity　of　Subjective　and　Objective
§　211。　Finite　Design
§　212。　The　Realising　of　the　End
…n。　The　finitude　of　the　End　consists　in　that　the　material　which　is　employed　is　only　externally
made　conformable　to　it。　


C。　THE　IDEA

§　213。　The　Idea　is　truth　in　and　for　itself
…n。　Truth　consists　in　the　identity　between　objectivity　and　the　notion
§　214。　The　Idea　may　be　called　Reason
§　215。　The　Idea　is　a　Process
…n。　The　idea　runs　through　three　stages　in　its　development：　Life；　Knowledge　and　the　Absolute
Idea。　

（a）　Life

§　216。　The　Immediate　Idea　is　Life
…n。　The　single　members　of　the　body　are　what　they　are　only　by　and　in　relation　to　their　unity
§　217。　A　Living　Being　is　a　Syllogism
§　218。　（1）　The　Process　of　the　Living　Being
…n。　The　process　of　the　vital　subject　has　in　Nature　the　forms：　Sensibility；　Irritability　and
Reproduction
§　219。　（2）　The　Judgment　of　the　Notion　discharges　the　bodily　nature
…n。　The　living　beings　stands　face　to　face　with　an　inorganic　nature　which　it　assimilates　to　itself
§　220。　（3）　The　Living　Individual
§　221。　The　Process　of　Kind。
…n。　The　living　being　dies；　because　it　is　a　contradiction
§　222。　The　Idea　of　Life　has　thrown　off　this　Immediacy　

（b）　Cognition　in　general

§　223。　The　Idea　as　its　own　Subject
§　224。　These　two　Ideas　correlate
§　225。　Cognition：　Theoretical　and　Practical　Action
§　226。　＇a＇　Cognition　proper
…n。　The　view　of　the　knowing　subject　as　a　tabula　rasa
§　227。　The　Analytical　Method
…n。　It　depends　on　the　object　of　our　investigation　which　of　the　two　Methods　is　applied；
Analytical　or　Synthetic
§　228。　The　Synthetic　Method
…n。　The　movement　of　the　Synthetic　method　is　the　reverse　of　the　Analytic　method
§　229。　a：　Definition
…n。　Definition　involves　the　three　organic　elements　of　the　notion
§　230。　b：　Division
…n。　In　Division；　the　principle　must　be　borrowed　from　the　nature　of　the　object
§　231。　c：　Theorem；　Construction；　Demonstration
§　232。　The　Idea　of　Will
…n。　The　necessity　which　cognition　reaches　is　the　reverse　of　what　formed　its　starting…point
§　233。　＇b＇　Volition
§　234。　The　Action　of　the　Will　is　finite
…n。　Intelligence　takes　the　world　as　it　is；　Will　takes　steps　to　make　it　what　it　ought　to　be
§　235。　The　Unity　of　the　Practical　and　Theoretical　Idea　

（c）　The　Absolute　Idea

§　236。　The　Unity　of　Subjective　and　Objective　Idea
…n。　The　Absolute　Idea　is　the　unity　of　the　theoretical　and　practical　idea
§　237。　There　is　no　transition；　no　presupposition
…n。　The　absolute　is　like　the　old　man　who　utters　the　same　creed　as　the　child；　but　pregnant　with
significance　of　a　lifetime
§　238。　＇a＇　The　Beginning　of　the　Speculative　Method
…n。　Philosophical　method　is　analytical　as　well　as　synthetic
§　239。　＇b＇　The　Judgment　implicit　in　the　Idea
…n。　In　the　advance　of　the　idea；　the　beginning　exhibits　itself　as　what　it　is　implicitly
§　240。　The　distinction　of　Individual　and　Universal　is　an　identity
§　241。　The　Development　becomes　a　regress　into　the　first
§　242。　The　contradiction　in　its　own　nature
§　243。　The　method　is　the　notion　of　the　content
§　244。　The　Idea　is　Nature
…n。　This　Idea　which　has　Being　is　Nature　





I。　Introduction


　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§1

Philosophy　misses　an　advantage　enjoyed　by　the　other　sciences。　It　cannot　like
them　rest　the　existence　of　its　objects　on　the　natural　admissions　of　consciousness；
nor　can　it　assume　that　its　method　of　cognition；　either　for　starting　or　for
continuing；　is　one　already　accepted。　The　objects　of　philosophy；　it　is　true；　are　upon
the　whole　the　same　as　those　of　religion。　In　both　the　object　is　Truth；　in　that
supreme　sense　in　which　God　and　God　only　is　the　Truth。　Both　in　like　manner　go
on　to　treat　of　the　finite　worlds　of　Nature　and　the　human　Mind；　with　their　relation
to　each　other　and　to　their　truth　in　God。　Some　acquaintance　with　its　objects；
therefore；　philosophy　may　and　even　must　presume；　that　and　a　certain　interest　in
them　to　boot；　were　it　for　no　other　reason　than　this：　that　in　point　of　time　the　mind
makes　general　images　of　objects；　long　before　it　makes　notions　of　them；　and　that
it　is　only　through　these　mental　images；　and　by　recourse　to　them；　that　the　thinking
mind　rises　to　know　and　comprehend　thinkingly。　

But　with　the　rise　of　this　thinking　study　of　things；　it　soon　becomes　evident　that
thought　will　be　satisfied　with　nothing　short　of　showing　the　necessity　of　its　facts；
of　demonstrating　the　existence　of　its　objects；　as　well　as　their　nature　and　qualities。
Our　original　acquaintance　with　them　is　thus　discovered　to　be　inadequate。　We　can
assume　nothing　and　assert　nothing　dogmatically；　nor　can　we　accept　the　assertions
and　assumptions　of　others。　And　yet　we　must　make　a　beginning：　and　a　beginning；
as　primary　and　underived；　makes　an　assumption；　or　rather　is　an　assumption。　It
seems　as　if　it　were　impossible　to　make　a　beginning　at　all。　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　§2

This　thinking　study　of　things　may　serve；　in　a　general　way；　as　a　description　of
philosophy。　But　the　description　is　too　wide。　If　it　be　correct　to　say；　that　thought
makes　the　distinction　between　man　and　the　lower　animals；　then　everything　human
is　human；　for　the　sole　and　simple　reason　that　it　is　due　to　the　operation　of　thought。
Philosophy；　on　the　other　hand；　is　a　peculiar　mode　of　thinking　…　a　mode　in　which
thinking　becomes　knowledge；　and　knowledge　through　notions。　However　great
therefore　may　be　the　identity　and　essential　unity　of　the　two　modes　of　thought；　the
philosophic　mode　gets　to　be　different　from　the　more　general　thought　which　acts　in
all　that　is　human；　in　all　that　gives　humanity　its　distinctive　character。　And　this
difference　connects　itself　with　the　fact　that　the　strictly　human　and
thought…induced　phenomena　of　consciousness　do　not　originally　appear　in　the　form
of　a　thought；　but　as　a　feeling；　a　perception；　or　mental　image　…　all　of　which　aspects
must　be　distinguished　from　the　form　of　thought　proper。　

According　to　an　old　preconceived　idea；　which　has　passed　into　a　trivial　proposition；
it　is　thought　w