philosophy of nature-第14章
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is produced as a white colour； purified from the dark。
§ 271。
Since the plant in this way offers itself as a sacrifice； this exteriorisation is at the same time the
concept realised by the process； the plant； which has produced itself as a whole； but which in the
process has come into opposition with itself。 This； the highest point of the process； is therefore the
beginning of the process of sexual differentiation which occurs in the process of genus formation。
§ 272。
（3） The process of genus formation； as distinct from the processes of formation and reproduction
of the individual； is an excess in the actuality of plant nature； because those processes also directly
involve a dissolution into many individuals。 But in the concept the process is； like subjectivity which
has converged with itself that generality in which the plant suspends the immediate individuality of
its organic life； and thereby grounds the transition into the higher organism。
C。
The Animal Organism
§ 273。
Organic individuality exists as subjectivity insofar as its individuality is not merely immediate
actuality but also and to the same extent suspended； exists as a concrete moment of generality；
and in its outward process the organism inwardly preserves the unity of the self This is the nature
of the animal which； in the reality and externality of individuality； is equally； by contrast；
immediately and inwardly self…reflected individuality； inwardly existing subjective generality。
§ 274。
The animal has contingent self…movement because its subjectivity is； like light and fire； ideality torn
from gravity； — a free time； which； as removed at the same time from real externality； determines
its place on the basis of inner chance。 Bound up with this is the animal's possession of a voice in
which its subjectivity； existing in and for itself dominates the abstract ideality of time and space；
and manifests its self…movement as a free vibration within itself。 It has animal warmth； as a
permanent preservation of the shape； interrupted intussusception； but primarily feeling； as the
individuality which in its determinacy is immediately general for itself and really selfdifferentiating
individuality。
§ 275。
The animal organism； as living generality； is the concept which passes through its three
determinations； each of which is in itself the same total identity of substantial unity and； at the same
time and as determined for itself by the form； is the transition into others； so that the totality results
from this process。 It is only as this selfreproducing entity； not as an existing one； that the animal
organism is living。
§ 276。
The animal organism is therefore： （a） a simple； general being in itself in its externality； whereby real
determinacy is immediately taken up as particularity into the general； and is thereby the
unseparated identity of the subject with itself； — sensibility； — （b） particularity； as excitability from
the outside and； on the other hand； the counter…effect coming from the outward movement of the
subject； — irritability； — （c） the unity of these moments； the negative return to itself through the
relation of externality； and thereby the generation and positing of itself as an individual； —
reproduction。 Inwardly； this is the reality and foundation of the first moments； and outwardly； this
is the articulation of the organism and its armament。
§ 277。
These three moments of the concept have their reality in three systems； namely； the nervous
system； the circulatory system； and the digestive system。 The first is in the systems of the bones
and sensory apparatus； whereas the second turns outwardly on two sides in the lungs and the
muscles。 The digestive system is； however； as a system of glands with skin and cellular tissue；
immediate； vegetative； reproductive； but as part of the actual system of the intestines it is the
mediating reproduction。 The animal thus divides itself in the center （insectum） into three systems；
the head； thorax； and the abdomen； though； on the other hand； the extremities used for mechanical
movement and grasping constitute the moment of the individuality outwardly positing and
differentiating itself。
§ 278。
The idea of the living organism is the manifested unity of the concept with its reality； as the
antithesis of that subjectivity and objectivity； however； this unity exists essentially only as process。
It exists at the same time as the movement of the abstract relation of the living entity to itself which
dissolves itself into particularity； and； as the return into itself it is the negative unity of subjectivity
and totality。 Each of these moments is itself a process； however as a concrete moment of the
living； and the whole is the unity of the three processes。
§ 279。
（1） The abstract process of living individuality is the process of inner formation in which the
organism converts its own members into a inorganic nature； into means； and feeds on itself Thus it
produces precisely this totality of its self…organisation； so that each member is reciprocally the end
and the means； and maintains itself through the others and in opposition to them。 It is the process
which has the simple feeling of self as a result。
§ 280。
（2） The self…feeling of individuality is； in its negative return into itself immediately exclusive and in a
state of tension with inorganic nature as with real and external nature。 （3） Since animal
organisation is immediately reflected into itself in this external relation； this ideal relationship is the
theoretical process and； indeed； the determinate feeling； which differentiates itself into the multiple
sensory qualities of inorganic nature。
§ 281。
The senses and the theoretical processes are therefore： （1） the sense of the mechanical sphere of
gravity； of cohesion and its variation； of heat； and feeling as such； （2） the senses of antithesis； of
the particularised principle of air； and of equally realised neutrality； of water； and of the antitheses
of its dissolution； — smell and taste； （3） the sense of the pure； essential； but exterior identity； of the
side belonging to the materials of gravity： fire； light； and colour； and （4） the sense for the depiction
of subjective reality； or of the independent inner ideality of the body standing in opposition； the
sense of hearing。
The threefold moments of the concept therefore convert here into a fivefold number； because the
moment of particularity or of the antithesis in its totality is itself threefold。 Another reason for the
transition is that the animal organism is the reduction of inorganic nature split apart from itself but at
the same time it is its developed totality。 Because it is still natural subjectivity； the moments of
nature's developed totality exist separately； but as an infinite unity。 The determinations of this
subjectivity； therefore； have the sense of touch as their particular sense； the most fundamental；
general sense； which thus could also better be called feeling。 Particularity is the antithesis； and this
is the identity and the antithesis itself Thus the sense of light belongs to this particularity； an identity
which constitutes one side of the antithesis； as abstract； but precisely therefore determines itself。
Also belonging here are the two senses of the antithesis itself as such； air and water； both like the
others in their embodied specification and individualisation。 To the sense of individuality belongs
that subjectivity which； as purely self…demonstrating subjectivity； is tone。
§ 282。
The real process of inorganic nature begins equally with feeling； namely； the feeling of real
externality； and with this feeling the negatio
