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第2章

a treatise on good works-第2章

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had been accused  like the Apostle Paul before him (Rom。 3 31)

 that the zealous performance of good works had abated; that

the bonds of discipline had slackened and that; as a necessary

consequence; lawlessness and shameless immorality were being

promoted by his doctrine of justification by faith alone。 Before

1517 the rumor had already spread that Luther intended to do away

with good works。 Duke George of Saxony had received no good

impression from a sermon Luther had delivered at Dresden; because

he feared the consequences which Luther's doctrine of

justification by faith alone might have upon the morals of the

masses。 Under these circumstances it would not have been

surprising if a member of the Electoral house should harbor like

scruples; especially since the full comprehension of Luther's

preaching on good works depended on an evangelical understanding

of faith; as deep as was Luther's own。 The Middle Ages had

differentiated between fides informis; a formless faith; and

fides formata or informata; a formed or ornate faith。 The former

was held to be a knowledge without any life or effect; the latter

to be identical with love for; as they said; love which proves

itself and is effective in good works must be added to the

formless faith; as its complement and its content; well pleasing

to God。 In Luther's time every one who was seriously interested

in religious questions was reared under the influence of these

ideas。



Now; since Luther had opposed the doctrine of justification by

love and its good works; he was in danger of being misunderstood

by strangers; as though he held the bare knowledge and assent to

be sufficient for justification; and such preaching would indeed

have led to frivolity and disorderly conduct。 But even apart from

the question whether or not the brother of the Elector was

disturbed by such scruples; Luther must have welcomed the

opportunity; when the summons came to him; to dedicate his book

Of Good Works to a member of the Electoral house。 At any rate the

book could serve to acquaint him with the thoughts of his

much…abused pastor and professor at Wittenberg; for never before

had Luther expressed himself on the important question of good

works in such a fundamental; thorough and profound way。 



2。 The Contents of the Work。  A perusal of the contents shows

that the book; in the course of its production; attained a

greater length than was originally intended。 To this fact it must

be attributed that a new numeration of sections begins with the

argument on the Third Commandment; and is repeated at every

Commandment thereafter; while before this the sections were

consecutively numbered。 But in spite of this; the plan of the

whole is clear and lucid。 Evidently the whole treatise is divided

into two parts: the first comprising sections 1…17; while the

second comprises all the following sections。 The first; being

fundamental; is the more important part。 Luther well knew of the

charges made against him that 〃faith is so highly elevated〃 and

〃works are rejected〃 by him; but he knew; too; that 〃neither

silver; gold and precious stone; nor any other precious thing had

experienced so much augmentation and diminution〃 as had good

works 〃which should all have but one simple goodness; or they are

nothing but color; glitter and deception。〃 But especially was he

aware of the fact that the Church was urging nothing but the

so…called self…elected works; such as 〃running to the convent;

singing; reading; playing the organ; saying the mass; praying

matins; vespers; and other hours; founding and ornamenting

churches; altars; convents; gathering chimes; jewels; vestments;

gems and treasures; going to Rome and to the saints; curtsying

and bowing the knees; praying the rosary and the psalter;〃 etc。;

and that she designated these alone as truly good works; while

she represented the faithful performance of the duties of one's

calling as a morality of a lower order。 For these reasons it is

Luther's highest object in this treatise to make it perfectly

clear what is the essence of good works。 Whenever the essence

of good works has been understood; then the accusations against

him will quickly collapse。 



In the fundamental part he therefore argues: Truly good works are

not self…elected works of monastic or any other holiness; but

such only as God has commanded; and as are comprehended within

the bounds of one's particular calling; and all works; let their

name be what it may; become good only when they flow from faith;

the first; greatest; and noblest of good works。〃 (John 6:29。) In

this connection the essence of faith; that only source of all

truly good works; must of course be rightly understood。 It is the

sure confidence in God; that all my doing is wellpleasing to Him;

it is trust in His mercy; even though He appears angry and puts

sufferings and adversities upon us; it is the assurance of the

divine good will even though 〃God should reprove the conscience

with sin; death and hell; and deny it all grace and mercy; as

though He would condemn and show His wrath eternally。〃 Where such

faith lives in the heart; there the works are good 〃even though

they were as insignificant as the picking up of a straw〃; but

where it is wanting; there are only such works as 〃heathen; Jew

and Turk〃 may have and do。 Where such faith possesses the man;

he needs no teacher in good works; as little as does the husband

or the wife; who only look for love and favor from one another;

nor need any instruction therein 〃how they are to stand toward

each other; what they are to do; to leave undone; to say; to

leave unsaid; to think。〃 



This faith; Luther continues; is 〃the true fulfilment of the

First Commandment; apart from which there is no work that could

do justice to this Commandment。〃 With this sentence he combines;

on the one hand; the whole argument on faith; as the best and

noblest of good works; with his opening proposition (there are

no good works besides those commanded of God); and; on the other

hand; he prepares the way for the following argument; wherein he

proposes to exhibit the good works according to the Ten

Commandments。 For the First Commandment does not forbid this and

that; nor does it require this and that; it forbids but one

thing; unbelief; it requires but one thing; faith; 〃that

confidence in God's good will at all times。〃 Without this faith

the best works are as nothing; and if man should think that by

them he could be well…pleasing to God; he would be lowering God

to the level of a 〃broker or a laborer who will not dispense his

grace and kindness gratis。〃 



This understanding of faith and good works; so Luther now

addresses his opponents; should in fairness be kept in view by

those who accuse him of declaiming against good works; and they

should learn from it; that though he has preached against 〃good

works;〃 it was against such as are falsely so called and as

contribute toward the confusion of consciences; because they are

self…elected; do not flow from faith; and are done with the

pretension of doing works well…pleasing to God。 



This brings us to the end of the fundamental part of the

treatise。 It was not Luther's intention; however; to speak only

on the essence of good works and their fundamental relation to

faith; he would show; too; how the 〃best work;〃 faith; must prove

itself in every way a living faith; according to the other

commandments。 Luther does not proceed to this part; however;

until in the fundamental part he has said with emphasis; that the

believer; the spiritual man; needs no such instruction (1。

Timothy 1:9); but that he of his own accord and at all times does

good works 〃as his faith; his confidence; teaches him。〃 Only

〃because we do not all have such faith; or are unmindful of it;〃

does such instruction become necessary。 



Nor does he proceed until he has applied his oft repeated words

concerning the relation of fait

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