the women of the french salons-µÚ50ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
eless£»¡¡that¡¡her¡¡powerful¡¡intellect¡¡bent¡¡before¡¡it¡¡like¡¡a¡¡reed¡¡before¡¡a¡¡storm¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡died¡¡of¡¡that¡¡unsuspected¡¡passion£»¡¡and¡¡years¡¡afterwards¡¡these¡¡letters¡¡found¡¡the¡¡light¡¡and¡¡told¡¡the¡¡tale¡£
The¡¡contrast¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡women¡¡so¡¡closely¡¡linked¡¡together¡¡is¡¡complete¡£¡¡¡¡Mme¡£¡¡du¡¡Deffand¡¡belonged¡¡to¡¡the¡¡age¡¡of¡¡Voltaire¡¡by¡¡every¡¡fiber¡¡of¡¡her¡¡hard¡¡and¡¡cynical¡¡nature¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡she¡¡called¡¡love¡¡was¡¡a¡¡fire¡¡of¡¡the¡¡intellect¡¡which¡¡consumed¡¡without¡¡warming¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡violent¡¡and¡¡fierce¡¡prejudice¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡reflected¡¡something¡¡of¡¡herself¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡tenderness¡¡of¡¡self¡sacrifice¡¡was¡¡not¡¡there¡£¡¡¡¡Mlle¡£¡¡de¡¡Lespinasse¡¡was¡¡of¡¡the¡¡later¡¡era¡¡of¡¡Rousseau£»¡¡the¡¡era¡¡of¡¡exaggerated¡¡feeling£»¡¡of¡¡emotional¡¡delirium£»¡¡of¡¡romantic¡¡dreams£»¡¡the¡¡era¡¡whose¡¡heroine¡¡was¡¡the¡¡loving¡¡and¡¡sentimental¡¡¡¨Julie£»¡¨¡¡for¡¡whose¡¡portrait¡¡she¡¡might¡¡have¡¡sat£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡shade¡¡or¡¡so¡¡less¡¡of¡¡intellect¡¡and¡¡brilliancy¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡it¡¡was¡¡more¡¡than¡¡a¡¡romantic¡¡dream¡¡that¡¡shadowed¡¡and¡¡shortened¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡Mlle¡£¡¡de¡¡Lespinasse¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡had¡¡a¡¡veritable¡¡heart¡¡of¡¡flame£»¡¡that¡¡consumed¡¡not¡¡only¡¡itself¡¡but¡¡its¡¡frail¡¡tenement¡¡as¡¡well¡£
Julie¡Jeanne¡Eleonore¡¡de¡¡Lespinasse£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡born¡¡at¡¡Lyons¡¡in¡¡1732£»¡¡had¡¡a¡¡birthright¡¡of¡¡sorrow¡£¡¡¡¡Her¡¡mother£»¡¡the¡¡Comtesse¡¡d'Albon£»¡¡could¡¡not¡¡acknowledge¡¡this¡¡fugitive¡¡and¡¡nameless¡¡daughter£»¡¡but¡¡after¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡her¡¡husband¡¡she¡¡received¡¡her¡¡on¡¡an¡¡inferior¡¡footing£»¡¡had¡¡her¡¡carefully¡¡educated£»¡¡and¡¡secretly¡¡gave¡¡her¡¡love¡¡and¡¡care¡£¡¡¡¡Left¡¡alone¡¡and¡¡without¡¡resources¡¡at¡¡fifteen£»¡¡Julie¡¡was¡¡taken£»¡¡as¡¡governess¡¡and¡¡companion£»¡¡into¡¡the¡¡family¡¡of¡¡a¡¡sister¡¡who¡¡was¡¡the¡¡wife¡¡of¡¡Mme¡£¡¡du¡¡Deffand's¡¡brother¡£¡¡¡¡Here¡¡the¡¡marquise¡¡met¡¡her¡¡on¡¡one¡¡of¡¡her¡¡visits¡¡and¡¡heard¡¡the¡¡story¡¡of¡¡her¡¡sorrows¡£¡¡¡¡Tearful£»¡¡sad£»¡¡and¡¡worn¡¡out¡¡by¡¡humiliations£»¡¡the¡¡young¡¡girl¡¡had¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡enter¡¡a¡¡convent¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡misfortune¡¡that¡¡I¡¡have¡¡not¡¡experienced£»¡¨¡¡she¡¡wrote¡¡to¡¡Guibert¡¡many¡¡years¡¡afterwards¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨Some¡¡day£»¡¡my¡¡friend£»¡¡I¡¡will¡¡relate¡¡to¡¡you¡¡things¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡romances¡¡of¡¡Prevost¡¡nor¡¡of¡¡Richardson¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡ought¡¡naturally¡¡to¡¡devote¡¡myself¡¡to¡¡hating£»¡¡I¡¡have¡¡well¡¡fulfilled¡¡my¡¡destiny£»¡¡I¡¡have¡¡loved¡¡much¡¡and¡¡hated¡¡very¡¡little¡£¡¡¡¡Mon¡¡Dieu£»¡¡my¡¡friend£»¡¡I¡¡am¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡years¡¡old¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Mme¡£¡¡du¡¡Deffand¡¡was¡¡struck¡¡with¡¡her¡¡talent¡¡and¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡indefinable¡¡fascination¡¡of¡¡manner¡¡which¡¡afterwards¡¡became¡¡so¡¡potent¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨You¡¡have¡¡gaiety£»¡¨¡¡she¡¡wrote¡¡to¡¡her£»¡¡¡¨you¡¡are¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡sentiment£»¡¡with¡¡these¡¡qualities¡¡you¡¡will¡¡be¡¡charming¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡you¡¡are¡¡natural¡¡and¡¡without¡¡pretension¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡After¡¡a¡¡negotiation¡¡of¡¡some¡¡months£»¡¡Mlle¡£¡¡de¡¡Lespinasse¡¡went¡¡to¡¡Paris¡¡to¡¡live¡¡with¡¡her¡¡new¡¡friend¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡history¡¡of¡¡this¡¡affair¡¡has¡¡been¡¡already¡¡related¡£
Parisian¡¡society¡¡was¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡two¡¡factions¡¡on¡¡the¡¡merits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡quarrelthose¡¡who¡¡censured¡¡the¡¡ingratitude¡¡of¡¡the¡¡younger¡¡woman£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡who¡¡accused¡¡the¡¡marquise¡¡of¡¡cruelty¡¡and¡¡injustice¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡oldest¡¡friends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡aided¡¡her¡¡rival¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Marechale¡¡de¡¡Luxembourg¡¡furnished¡¡her¡¡apartments¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Rue¡¡de¡¡Belle¡Chasse¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Duc¡¡de¡¡Choiseul¡¡procured¡¡her¡¡a¡¡pension£»¡¡and¡¡Mme¡£¡¡Geoffrin¡¡gave¡¡her¡¡an¡¡annuity¡£¡¡¡¡She¡¡carried¡¡with¡¡her¡¡a¡¡strong¡¡following¡¡of¡¡eminent¡¡men¡¡from¡¡the¡¡salon¡¡of¡¡Mme¡£¡¡du¡¡Deffand£»¡¡among¡¡whom¡¡was¡¡d'Alembert£»¡¡who¡¡remained¡¡faithful¡¡and¡¡devoted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡end¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡said¡¡that¡¡President¡¡Henault¡¡even¡¡offered¡¡to¡¡marry¡¡her£»¡¡but¡¡how£»¡¡under¡¡these¡¡circumstances£»¡¡he¡¡managed¡¡to¡¡continue¡¡in¡¡the¡¡good¡¡graces¡¡of¡¡his¡¡lifelong¡¡friend£»¡¡the¡¡unforgiving¡¡marquise£»¡¡does¡¡not¡¡appear¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡letter¡¡which¡¡he¡¡wrote¡¡to¡¡Mlle¡£¡¡de¡¡Lespinasse¡¡throws¡¡a¡¡direct¡¡light¡¡upon¡¡her¡¡character£»¡¡after¡¡making¡¡due¡¡allowance¡¡for¡¡the¡¡exaggeration¡¡of¡¡French¡¡gallantry¡£
¡¨You¡¡are¡¡cosmopolitan£»¡¡you¡¡adapt¡¡yourself¡¡to¡¡all¡¡situations¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡world¡¡pleases¡¡you£»¡¡you¡¡love¡¡solitude¡£¡¡¡¡Society¡¡amuses¡¡you£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡seduce¡¡you¡£¡¡¡¡Your¡¡heart¡¡does¡¡not¡¡give¡¡itself¡¡easily¡£¡¡¡¡Strong¡¡passions¡¡are¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡you£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡better¡¡so£»¡¡for¡¡they¡¡will¡¡not¡¡return¡¡often¡£¡¡¡¡Nature£»¡¡in¡¡placing¡¡you¡¡in¡¡an¡¡ordinary¡¡position£»¡¡has¡¡given¡¡you¡¡something¡¡to¡¡relieve¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡Your¡¡soul¡¡is¡¡noble¡¡and¡¡elevated£»¡¡and¡¡you¡¡will¡¡never¡¡remain¡¡in¡¡a¡¡crowd¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡¡with¡¡your¡¡person¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡distinguished¡¡and¡¡attracts¡¡attention£»¡¡without¡¡being¡¡beautiful¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡is¡¡something¡¡piquante¡¡about¡¡you¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡You¡¡have¡¡two¡¡things¡¡which¡¡do¡¡not¡¡often¡¡go¡¡together£º¡¡you¡¡are¡¡sweet¡¡and¡¡strong£»¡¡your¡¡gaiety¡¡adorns¡¡you¡¡and¡¡relaxes¡¡your¡¡nerves£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡too¡¡tense¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡You¡¡are¡¡extremely¡¡refined£»¡¡you¡¡have¡¡divined¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¨
The¡¡age¡¡of¡¡portraits¡¡was¡¡not¡¡quite¡¡passed£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡privilege¡¡of¡¡seeing¡¡one's¡¡self¡¡in¡¡the¡¡eyes¡¡of¡¡one's¡¡friends¡¡was¡¡still¡¡accorded£»¡¡a¡¡fact¡¡to¡¡which¡¡we¡¡owe¡¡many¡¡striking¡¡if¡¡sometimes¡¡rather¡¡highly¡¡colored¡¡pictures¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡few¡¡words¡¡from¡¡d'Alembert¡¡are¡¡of¡¡twofold¡¡interest¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡writes¡¡some¡¡years¡¡later£º
¡¨The¡¡regard¡¡one¡¡has¡¡for¡¡you¡¡does¡¡not¡¡depend¡¡alone¡¡upon¡¡your¡¡external¡¡charms£»¡¡it¡¡depends£»¡¡above¡¡all£»¡¡upon¡¡your¡¡intellect¡¡and¡¡your¡¡character¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡which¡¡distinguishes¡¡you¡¡in¡¡society¡¡is¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡saying¡¡to¡¡every¡¡one¡¡the¡¡fitting¡¡word¡¡and¡¡that¡¡art¡¡is¡¡very¡¡simple¡¡with¡¡you£»¡¡it¡¡consists¡¡in¡¡never¡¡speaking¡¡of¡¡yourself¡¡to¡¡others£»¡¡and¡¡much¡¡of¡¡themselves¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡an¡¡infallible¡¡means¡¡of¡¡pleasing£»¡¡thus¡¡you¡¡please¡¡every¡¡one£»¡¡though¡¡it¡¡happens¡¡that¡¡all¡¡the¡¡world¡¡pleases¡¡you£»¡¡you¡¡know¡¡even¡¡how¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡repelling¡¡those¡¡who¡¡are¡¡least¡¡agreeable¡£¡¨
This¡¡epitome¡¡of¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡pleasing¡¡may¡¡be¡¡commended¡¡for¡¡its¡¡wisdom£»¡¡aside¡¡from¡¡the¡¡very¡¡delightful¡¡picture¡¡it¡¡gives¡¡of¡¡an¡¡amiable¡¡and¡¡attractive¡¡woman¡£¡¡¡¡Again¡¡he¡¡writes£º
¡¨The¡¡excellence¡¡of¡¡your¡¡tone¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡a¡¡distinction¡¡for¡¡one¡¡reared¡¡in¡¡a¡¡court£»¡¡and¡¡speaking¡¡only¡¡the¡¡language¡¡she¡¡has¡¡learned¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡you¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡merit¡¡very¡¡real¡¡and¡¡very¡¡rare¡£¡¡¡¡You¡¡have¡¡brought¡¡it¡¡from¡¡the¡¡seclusion¡¡of¡¡a¡¡province£»¡¡where¡¡you¡¡met¡¡no¡¡one¡¡who¡¡could¡¡teach¡¡you¡£¡¡¡¡You¡¡were£»¡¡in¡¡this¡¡regard£»¡¡as¡¡perfect¡¡the¡¡day¡¡after¡¡your¡¡arrival¡¡at¡¡Paris¡¡as¡¡you¡¡are¡¡today¡£¡¡¡¡You¡¡found¡¡yourself£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡first£»¡¡as¡¡free£»¡¡as¡¡little¡¡out¡¡of¡¡place¡¡in¡¡the¡¡most¡¡brilliant¡¡and¡¡most¡¡critical¡¡society¡¡as¡¡if¡¡you¡¡had¡¡passed¡¡your¡¡life¡¡there£»¡¡you¡¡have¡¡felt¡¡its¡¡usages¡¡before¡¡knowing¡¡them£»¡¡which¡¡implies¡¡a¡¡justness¡¡and¡¡fineness¡¡of¡¡tact¡¡very¡¡unusual£»¡¡an¡¡exquisite¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡les¡¡convenances¡£¡¨
It¡¡was¡¡her¡¡innate¡¡tact¡¡and¡¡social¡¡instinct£»¡¡combined¡¡with¡¡rare¡¡gifts¡¡of¡¡intellect¡¡and¡¡great¡¡conversational¡¡charm£»¡¡that¡¡gave¡¡this¡¡woman¡¡without¡¡name£»¡¡beauty£»¡¡or¡¡fortune¡¡so¡¡exceptional¡¡a¡¡position£»¡¡and¡¡her¡¡salon¡¡so¡¡distinguished¡¡a¡¡place¡¡among¡¡the¡¡brilliant¡¡centers¡¡of¡¡Paris¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡she¡¡was¡¡not¡¡rich¡¡and¡¡could¡¡not¡¡give¡¡costly¡¡dinners£»¡¡she¡¡saw¡¡her¡¡friends¡¡daily¡¡from¡¡five¡¡to¡¡nine£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡interval¡¡between¡¡other¡¡engagements¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡society¡¡was¡¡her¡¡chief¡¡interest£»¡¡and¡¡she¡¡rarely¡¡went¡¡out¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨If¡¡she¡¡made¡¡an¡¡exception¡¡to¡¡this¡¡rule£»¡¡all¡¡Paris¡¡was¡¡apprised¡¡of¡¡it¡¡in¡¡advance£»¡¨¡¡says¡¡Grimm¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡most¡¡illustrious¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡the¡¡Church£»¡¡the¡¡Court£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Army£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡celebrated¡¡foreigners¡¡and¡¡men¡¡of¡¡letters£»¡¡were¡¡sure¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡¡there¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨Nowhere¡¡was¡¡conversation¡¡more¡¡lively£»¡¡more¡¡brilliant£»¡¡or¡¡better¡¡regulated£»¡¨¡¡writes¡¡Marmontel¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨It¡¡was¡¡not¡¡with¡¡fashionable¡¡nonsense¡¡and¡¡vanity¡¡that¡¡every¡¡day¡¡during¡¡four¡¡hours£»¡¡without¡¡languor¡¡or¡¡pause£»¡¡she¡¡knew¡¡how¡¡to¡¡make¡¡herself¡¡interesting¡¡to¡¡a¡¡circle¡¡of¡¡sensible¡¡people¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡Caraccioli¡¡went¡¡from¡¡her¡¡salon¡¡one¡¡evening¡¡to¡¡sup¡¡with¡¡Mme¡£¡¡du¡¡Deffand¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨He¡¡was¡¡intoxicated¡¡with¡¡all¡¡the¡¡fine¡¡works¡¡he¡¡had¡¡heard¡¡read¡¡there£»¡¨¡¡writes¡¡the¡¡latter¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨There¡¡was¡¡a¡¡eulogy¡¡of¡¡one¡¡named¡¡Fontaine¡¡by¡¡M¡£¡¡de¡¡Condorcet¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡were¡¡translations¡¡of¡¡Theocritus£»¡¡tales£»¡¡fables¡¡by¡¡I¡¡know¡¡not¡¡whom¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡then¡¡some¡¡eulogies¡¡of¡¡Helvetius£»¡¡an¡¡extreme¡¡admiration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡esprit¡¡and¡¡the¡¡talents¡¡of¡¡the¡¡age£»¡¡in¡¡fine£»¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡make¡¡one¡¡stop¡¡the¡¡ears¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡these¡¡judgments¡¡false¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡worst¡¡taste¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡A¡¡hint¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rivalry¡¡between¡¡the¡¡former¡¡friends¡¡is¡¡given¡¡in¡¡a¡¡letter¡¡from¡¡Horace¡¡Walpole¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨There¡¡is¡¡at¡¡Paris£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡writes£»¡¡¡¨a¡¡Mlle¡£¡¡de¡¡Lespinasse£»¡¡a¡¡pretended¡¡bel¡¡esprit£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡formerly¡¡a¡¡humble¡¡companion¡¡of¡¡Mme¡£¡¡du¡¡Deffand£»¡¡and¡¡betrayed¡¡her¡¡and¡¡used¡¡her¡¡very¡¡ill¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡beg¡¡of¡¡you¡¡not¡¡to¡¡let¡¡any¡¡one¡¡carry¡¡you¡¡thither¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡dwell¡¡upon¡¡this¡¡because¡¡she¡¡has¡¡some¡¡enemies¡¡so¡¡spiteful¡¡as¡¡to¡¡try¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡off¡¡all¡¡the¡¡English¡¡to¡¡Mlle¡£¡¡de¡¡Lespinasse¡£¡¨
But¡¡this¡¡¡¨pretended¡¡bel¡¡esprit¡¨¡¡had¡¡socially¡¡the¡¡touch¡¡of¡¡genius¡£¡¡¡¡Her¡¡ardent£»¡¡impulsive¡¡nature¡¡lent¡¡to¡¡her¡¡conversation¡¡a¡¡rare¡¡eloquence¡¡that¡¡inspired¡¡her¡¡listeners£»¡¡though¡¡she¡¡never¡¡drifted¡¡into¡¡monologue£»¡¡and¡¡understood¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡discreet¡¡silence¡£¡¡¡¡¡¨She¡¡rendered¡¡the¡¡marble¡¡sensible£»¡¡and¡¡made¡¡matte