the origin of the distinction of ranks-第50章

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11。　See　Dr　Wallace；　on　the　numbers　of　mankind。　12。　The　stock　which　is　delivered　by　the　master　to　his　tenant　goes　under　the　name　of　'steel…bow　goods'　in　the　law　of　Scotland。　At　the　end　of　the　lease　the　tenant　is　bound　to　restore　the　same　in　quantity　and　quality　to　the　master。　13。　Thus　Onesimus；　notwithstanding　his　conversion　to　Christianity；　is　understood　by　the　apostle　Paul　to　continue　still　the　slave　of　Philemon；　and　it　is　not　supposed　that　the　master；　who　was　also　a　Christian；　was　under　an　obligation　to　relinquish　any　part　of　his　authority；　far　less　to　give　liberty　to　his　servant。　See　St　Paul's　epistle　to　Philemon。　See　also；　to　the　same　purpose；　Rom。　chap。　xiii；　ver。　1；　etc。　　Ephes。　chap。　vi；　ver。　5。　　Coloss。　chap。　iii；　ver。　22。1　Tim。　chap。　vi；　ver。　1；　2。　　Tit。　chap。　ii；　ver。　9；　10。　　1　Pet。　chap。　ii；　ver。　18。　　1　Cor。　chap。　vii；　ver。　21；　22。　14。　See　the　different　decrees　of　councils　referred　to　by　Potgiesserus；　de　stat。　serv。　lib。　4；　cap。　2；　4；　5。　In　one　of　these　it　is　enacted；　'Episcopus　liberos　ex　familiis　ecclesiae；　ad　condemnationem　suam　facere　non　praesumat。　Impium　enim　est；　ut　qui　res　suas　ecclesiae　Christi　non　contulit；　damnum　inferat；　et　ejus　ecclesiae　rem　alienare　contendat。　Tales　igitur　libertos　successor　episcopus　revocabit；　quia　eos　non　aequitas；　sed　improbitas　absolvit。'　＇Or；　freely　translated；　'A　bishop　presumes　to　his　condemnation　to　emancipate　slaves　from　among　families　of　the　church。　For　it　would　be　an　impiety　that　one　who　has　not　conferred　his　own　property　upon　the　church　of　Christ　should　incur　a　loss　to　His　Church　by　attempting　to　alienate　her　property。　Therefore　the　bishop　who　succeeds　him；　will　recall　such　freedmen　because　they　were　wrongfully　rather　than　justfully　set　free。'＇　　　　　In　another　it　is　said；　'Mancipia　monachis　donata　ab　abbate　non　liceat　manumitti。　Injustum　est　enim；　ut　monachis　quotidianum　rurale　opus　facientibus；　servi　eorum　libertatis　otio　potiantur。'　＇Or　in　English；　'It　is　not　permissable　for　an　abbot　to　manumit　slaves　given　to　the　monks。　For　it　would　be　unjust　that　the　slaves　of　monks　should　enjoy　leisure　in　freedom　while　they　themselves　had　to　labour　in　the　fields　day　after　day。'＇　　　　　It　is　likely；　however；　that　the　clergy　treated　their　slaves　with　greater　lenity　than　was　usual　among　the　rest　of　the　people。　Mention　is　made　of　a　bishop　of　Arles；　who；　in　conformity　to　the　Mosaical　institution；　never　allowed　above　thirty…nine　stripes　to　be　given；　at　one　time；　to　any　of　his　servants　　'Solebat　sanctus　vir　id　accurate　observare；　ut　nemo　ex　istis　qui　ipsi　parebant；　sive　illi　servi　essent；　sive　ingenui；　si　pro　culpa　flagellandi　essent；　amplius　triginta　novem　ictibus　ferirentur。　Si　quis　vero　in　gravi　culpa　deprehensus　esset；　permittebat　quidem　ut　post　paucos　dies　iterum　vapularet；　sed　paucis。'　＇Or；　translated；　'This　saintly　man　was　always　very　careful　to　see　that　none　of　his　subjects；　whether　slave　or　free；　should　be　given　more　than　thirty…nine　stripes　in　punishment　for　any　offence。　If　the　offence　was　a　very　serious　one；　he　might　be　given　additional　stripes　after　a　few　days；　but　only　a　few。'＇　Ciprianus；　in　vita　S。　Caefarii；　Cit。　Potgiess。　lib。　2；　cap。　1；　？6。　15。　See　observations　on　the　statutes；　chiefly　the　more　ancient；　1　Rich。　II。　A。D。　1377。　Smith's　Commonwealth　of　Eng。　Bk。　3；　chap。　10。　16。　See　Anderson's　history　of　commerce；　vol。　1；　p。　336。　　The　first　importation　of　negro　slaves　into　Hispaniola　was　in　the　year　1508。　Ibid。　17。　Mr　Hume　supposes　that；　in　the　above　enumeration；　none　but　heads　of　families；　either　of　the　slaves　or　free　men；　are　included；　from　which　it　would　follow　that；　throwing　aside　the　strangers；　the　slaves　exceeded　the　citizens　nearly　as　twenty　to　one；　and　as　this　disproportion　is　highly　incredible；　he　is　of　opinion　that　the　number　of　slaves　should　be　reduced　to　40；000。　But　the　precise　reduction　to　this　number　is　entirely　arbitrary；　and　upon　the　supposition　which　I　have　made；　there　will　be　no　reason　to　suspect　the　account　either　of　exaggeration　or　inaccuracy。　18。　Dion。　Hal。　Antiq。　Rom。　Lib。　3。　19。　By　a　late　act　of　parliament　such　regulations　have　been　made　as；　in　a　short　time；　will　probably　abolish　the　remains　of　that　servitude　to　which　this　order　of　men　have　been　so　long　subjected。　20。　These　observations　were　made　about　the　year　1765；　and　relate　more　immediately　to　the　parishes　of　Vere；　Hanover；　and　St　Thomas　in　the　vale。　21。　See　American　husbandry；　published　in　1775。　22。　See　a　vindication　of　the　address　to　the　inhabitants　of　the　British　settlements　on　the　slavery　of　the　negroes　in　America；　by　a　Pennsylvanian；　printed　at　Philadelphia；　1773。　23。　In　the　case　of　Somerset；　the　negro；　decided　in　1772。　24。　Joseph　Knight；　a　negro；　against　John　Wedderburn；　15　January　1778。



the　End