the origin of the distinction of ranks-第5章
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na； upon the coast of Guinea； in several parts of the East Indies； in Pegu； Siam； Cochinchina； and Cambodia； the inhabitants are； in like manner； accustomed； for a small present； to make an offer of their women to all strangers who have occasion to visit the country。 Among all men who have made any considerable advances towards refinement； sentiments of modesty are connected with the intercourse of the sexes。 These sentiments are derived from the very different manner in which individuals are affected； when under the immediate influence of desire； and upon other occasions。 After the violence of passion has subsided； and when the mind returns to its usual state of tranquillity； its former emotions appear； in some measure； extravagant； and disproportioned to the object which excited them。 But if； with all our partiality； the recollection of our own appetites； in the case here alluded to； be seldom agreeable even to ourselves； we have good reason to conclude that an open display of them will be extremely offensive to others。 Those who are not actuated by the same desires must behold our enjoyment with disgust： those who are； must look upon it with jealousy and rivalship。 It is to be expected； therefore； that； according as men become sensible of this； they will endeavour to remove such disagreeable appearances。 They will be disposed to throw a veil over those pleasures； and to cover from the public eye those thoughts and inclinations； which； they know by experience； would expose them to contempt and aversion。 The dictates of nature； in this respect； are inculcated by the force of education； our own feelings are continually gathering strength by a comparison with those of the people around us； and we blush at every deviation from that concealment and reserve which we have been taught to maintain； and which long practice has rendered habitual。 Certain rules of decency and decorum with relation to dress； the modes of expression； and general deportment； are thus introduced； and as these contribute； in a high degree to improve and embellish the commerce of society； they are regarded as peculiarly indispensable to that sex； in which； for obvious reasons； the greatest delicacy and propriety is required。 But mere savages are little acquainted with such refinements。 Their situation and manner of life prevent them； either from considering the intercourse of the sexes as an object of importance； or from attending to those circumstances which might suggest the propriety of concealing it。 Conscious of nothing blameable in that instinct which nature has bestowed upon them； they are not ashamed of its ordinary gratifications； and they affect no disguise； as to this particular； either in their words or in their actions。 From the account given by Herodotus of the Massagetae； it appears that those barbarians were strangers to reserve or modesty in the commerce of the sexes。 The same circumstance is mentioned by Caesar； in describing the ancient Germans； a people who had made some improvements in their manner of life。（8*） The form of courtship among the Hottentots； by which the lover is permitted to overcome the reluctance of his mistress； may be considered as a plain indication of similar manners； and exhibits a striking picture of primitive rudeness and simplicity。 When Mr。 Banks was in the Island of Otaheite； in 1769； he received a visit from some ladies； who made him a present of cloth； attended with very uncommon ceremonies； of which the following account is published by Dr。 Hawkesworth。 There were nine pieces； and having laid three pieces one upon another； the foremost of the women； who seemed to be the principal； and who was called Oorattooa； stepped upon them； and taking up her garments all round her to the waist； turned about； and with great composure and deliberation； and with an air of perfect innocence and simplicity； three times： when this was done； she dropped the veil； and stepping off the cloth； three more pieces were laid on； and she repeated the ceremony。 then stepping off as before； the last three were laid on； and the ceremony was repeated in the same manner the third time。（9*） Though the inhabitants of that country are； almost without labour； supplied with great plenty of food； and may therefore be supposed more addicted to pleasure than is usual among savages in a colder climate； yet they appear to have no such differences of wealth as might restrain the free indulgence of their appetites； and by that means produce a degree of refinement in their passions。 Upon the discovery of the new world by Columbus； the natives appeared to have no idea of clothing as a matter of decency： for； though the men made use of a garment； the women； it is said； had not the least covering。 The nakedness； however； of these Indians； when authorised by custom； had probably no more tendency to promote debauchery than similar circumstances can be supposed to have upon inferior animals。 Rude nations are usually distinguished by greater freedom and plainness of behaviour； according as they are farther removed from luxury and intemperance。 In the Odyssey； when Telemachus arrives at Pylos； he is stripped naked； bathed； and pointed by the king's daughter。 While these officious tend the rites divine； The last fair branch of the Nestorian line； Sweet Polycaste； took the pleasing toil To bathe the prince； and pour the fragrant oil。 O'er his fair limbs a flowery vest he threw； And issued； like a god； to mortal view。（10*） A remarkable instance of this plainness and simplicity occurs in the behaviour of Ruth to Boaz her kinsman。 And when Boaz had eaten and drunk and his heart was merry； he went to lie down at the end of the heap of corn： and she came softly； and uncovered his feet and laid her down。 And it came to pass at midnight； that the man was afraid； and turned himself： and behold a woman lay at his feet。 And he said； Who art thou？ And she answered； I am Ruth； thine handmaid： spread therefore thy skirt over thine handmaid； for thou art a near kinsman。（11*） The influence of such manners must be extremely unfavourable to the rank and dignity of the women； who are deprived of that consideration and respect which； in a polished nation； they are accustomed to derive from the passion between the sexes。 It is； at the same time； impossible； in a rude age； that they should procure esteem by such employments as they have any occasion to exercise。 Among those who are almost continually employed in war； or in hunting； and who； by their manner of life； are exposed to numberless hardships and dangers； activity； strength； courage； and military skill； are the chief accomplishments that are held in high estimation。 These accomplishments； which in all ages excite a degree of admiration； are； in a barbarous country； the principal sources of rank and dignity； as they are most immediately useful to the people in procuring food； and in providing for their personal safety； the two great objects which they have constantly in view。 When the members of a rude tribe return from an expedition； every man is respected in proportion to the actions which he has performed； and that person is distinguished at the feast who has been so fortunate as to signalize himself in the field。 The various incidents of the battle； or of the chase； occupy their thoughts； and become an interesting subject of conversation。 Those who are old take pleasure in relating the deeds of former times； by which their own reputation has been established； and in communicating to the young those observations which they have treasured up； or those rules of conduct which appear most worthy of attention。 The son； when he goes out to battle； is armed with the sword of his fathers； and； when he calls to mind the renown which they have acquired； is excited to a noble emulation of their achievements。 The inferiority of the women； in this respect； may be easily imagined。 From their situation； indeed； they naturally acquire a degree of firmness and intrepidity which appears surprising to persons only acquainted with the manners of polished nations。 It is usual for them to accompany the men in their expeditions e
