the origin of the distinction of ranks-第17章
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lishment of the Christian religion； and the notions which they endeavoured to inculcate with regard to abstinence from every sensual gratification； have concurred with the influence of the former usage and laws； not only to exclude polygamy； but in a great measure to prevent the dissolution of marriage by voluntary divorce。 Many disorders； therefore； which were felt in the luxurious ages of Rome； have thus been avoided； and in modern Europe； the chief effect of debauchery； beside the encouragement given to common prostitution； has been to turn the attention； from the pursuits of business or ambition； to the amusements of gallantry； or rather to convert these last into a serious occupation。 It is not intended； however； in this discourse； to consider those variations； in the state of women； which arise from the civil or religious government of a people； or from such other causes as are peculiar to the inhabitants of different countries。 The revolutions that I have mentioned； in the condition and manners of the sexes； are chiefly derived from the progress of mankind in the common arts of life； and therefore make a part in the general history of society。 NOTES： 1。 A late ingenious author imagines that this coldness of constitution is peculiar to the natives of America； and he accounts for it； in a most whimsical manner； from the moisture of the climate； by which the inhabitants of that county are； in his opinion； rendered inferior； both in mind and body； to those of the old world。 （Recherches philosophiques sur les Americains。） But though it must； perhaps； be admitted that particular climates have some influence upon the passions of sex； yet； in most parts of the world； the character of savages； in this respect； exhibits a remarkable uniformity。 （See an account of the Samoiedes； histoire generale des voyages； tome 18 pp。 509； 510。 Of the inhabitants of Kamtschatka； ibid。 tome 19； liv。 2； chap。 4。） Even among people somewhat advanced beyond the mere savage life； we frequently meet with traces of a similar temperament。 'The virginity of youth；' says Tacitus of the Germans；' 'is late treasured； and puberty therefore inexhaustible； nor for the girls is there any hothouse forcing。 'So their life is one of fenced…in chastity。 There is no arena with its seductions； no dinner…tables with their provocations to corrupt them。' Tacitus； de mor。 Germ。 ？20； 19。 The same circumstance is mentioned by Caesar concerning the character of the ancient Gauls。 'Those who retain their chastity longest are held in highest honour by their fellow men； for continence； so they believe； makes a man taller； hardier； more muscular。' Caesar； de bell。 Gall。 lib。 6； ？21。 2。 It seems unnecessary to observe； that what is here said with regard to marriage； together with many other Remarks which follow concerning the manners of early nations； can only be applied to those who had lost all knowledge of the original institutions； which； as the sacred scriptures inform us； were communicated to mankind by an extraordinary revelation from heaven。 3。 Cicero； pro Flacco； Heineccius； antiq。 Roman。 4。 See Brisson； de vet。 rit。 nuptiar。 5。 Father Lafitau takes notice of a particular custom among the savages of America； which shows the indifference with which their marriages are usually contracted； and marks； at the same time； the inattention of that people to the gratification of their passions。 'There is an ancient custom； among most of the savage nations； of passing the first year after the contraction of a marriage without consummating it。 To propose otherwise before such time has expired would be to offer an insult to the bride； who would take this to mean that one sought this alliance more for sensual gratification than out of esteem for her person。 And although the young couple spend their nights together； this is done without prejudice to this ancient usage。 The relatives of the bride keep close watch on their part and are careful to maintain a large fire before their sleeping…mat； which continually lights up their doing and which serves to guarantee that nothing occurs contrary to the prescribed order。' Joseph Lafitau； moeurs des sauvages Ameriquains。 In some parts of Great Britain； the common people hold it a point of decorum； that； after the ceremony of marriage； the married persons should sleep together one night without consummation。 6。 'Ten； and even twelve men have wives in common； and especially brothers； or parents and their children amongst themselves； but if there be any issue by these wives； they are reputed to be the children of those by whom； respectively； each was first espoused when a virgin。' Caesar； de bell。 Gall。 lib。 5； ？14。 7。 Plutarch；in vita Lycurg。 Soon as the sun dispelled the chilly night； The sounding doors flew wide； and from the tomb Of dead Hortensius grieving Marcia came。 First joined in wedlock to a greater man Three children did she bear to grace his home： Then Cato to Hortensius gave the dame To be a fruitful mother of his sons And join their houses in a closer tie。 And now the last sad offices were done She came with hair dishevelled； beaten breast； And ashes on her brow； and features worn With grief； thus only pleasing to the man。 'When youth was in me and maternal power I did thy bidding； Cato； and revived A second husband： now in years grown old Ne'er to be parted I return to thee。 Renew our former pledges undefiled： Give back the name of wife：。。。。 Although the times were warlike and the fates Called to the fray； etc。' Lucan； Pharsal。 8。 'In the matter of sex there is no prudery； men and women bathing together in the rivers； and wearing skins or short cloaks of reindeer hide which leaves most of the body naked。' Caesar； de bell。 Gall。 lib。 6； ？21。 9。 Voyages for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere； vol。 2； chap。 12。 In the same publication； an account of a still more remarkable exhibition； made in that Island； is given as follow： 'A young man； near six feet high； performed the rites of Venus with a little girl about eleven or twelve years of age； before several of our people； and a great number of the natives； without the least sense of its being indecent or improper； but； as appeared； in perfect conformity to the custom of the place。 Among the spectators were several women of superior rank； particularly Oberea； who may properly be said to have assisted at the ceremony； for they gave instructions to the girl how to perform her part； which； young as she was； she did not seem to stand in need of。' Ibid。 10。 Pope's translation of the Odyssey； bk。 4； 1。 58。 11。 Ruth； chap。 iii； ver。 7； 8； 9。 12。 Byron's Narrative。 13。 Numbers； chap。 xxvii； ver。 1…8。 14。 'The present law still fortunately holds that when a woman having a husband departs this life childless； the husband of the deceased wife may not demand her dowery； which was given for her。' Leges Burgundior。 tit。 1 4； 3。 15。 Tacitus； de mor。 Germ。 16。 Genesis； chap。 xxiv； ver。 11； 12。 17。 1 Samuel； chap。 xviii； ver。 25。 18。 The Commonwealth of England； bk。 3； chap。 8。 19。 Husbands have the same power of life and death over their wives as over their children。 When the head of a noble family dies his relatives meet； and if there is suspicion of foul play the widow is examined under torture； just as we examine slaves。' Caesar； de bell。 Gall。 lib。 6； ？18。 20。 She was said 'convenire in manum mariti；' and was precisely in the same condition with a 'filia…familias。' 21。 The ceremonies of 'coemptio。' 22。 Herodot。 hist。 lib。 1。 See Goguet's Origin of Laws； etc。 vol。 2； book 1。 Charlevoix Journal historique d'un voyage de l'Amer。 Nouveaux voyages aux Indes Orientales； tom。 2； p。 20。 Mod。 Univ。 Hist。 vol。 6； p。 561 Vestiges of the same practice are also to be found in the writing of the Roman Lawyers。 23。 Modern Universal History； vol。 16。 Capt。 Hamilton says； that upon the coast of Malabar a woman is not allowed to have more than twelve husbands。 24。 Father Tachard； superior of the French Missionary Jesuits in the East Indies； gives the following account of the inhabitants in th
