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第46章

the memorabilia-第46章

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to do?'19'

'19' Or; 〃and nobody that you know of does the contrary of what he
    thinks he should do?〃

No; I do not (he answered)。

Soc。 It would seem that he who knows what things are lawful'20' as
concerning men does the things that are just and right?

'20' Or; 〃of lawful obligation。〃

Without a doubt (he answered)。

Soc。 But then; he who does what is just and right is upright and
just?'21'

'21' N。B。In reference to this definition of justice; see K。 Joel;
    op。 cit。 p。 323 foll。; 〃Das ist eine Karrikatur des Sokratischen
    Dialogs。〃

Who else; if not? (he replied)。

Soc。 It would seem; then; we shall have got to a right definition if
we name as just and upright those who know the things which are
lawful as concerning men?

That is my opinion (he answered)。

Soc。 And what shall we say that wisdom is? Tell me; does it seem to
you that the wise are wise in what they know;'22' or are there any who
are wise in what they know not?

'22' Or; 〃in that of which they have the knowledge ({episteme})。〃

Euth。 Clearly they are wise in what they know;'23' for how could a man
have wisdom in that which he does not know?

'23' Or; 〃their wisdom is confined to that of which they have the
    {episteme}。 How could a man be wise in what he lacks the knowledge
    of?〃

Soc。 In fact; then; the wise are wise in knowledge?

Euth。 Why; in what else should a man be wise save only in knowledge?

Soc。 And is wisdom anything else than that by which a man is wise;
think you?

Euth。 No; that; and that only; I think。

Soc。 It would seem to follow that knowledge and wisdom are the same?

Euth。 So it appears to me。

Soc。 May I ask; does it seem to you possible for a man to know all the
things that are?

Euth。 No; indeed! not the hundredth part of them; I should say。

Soc。 Then it would seem that it is impossible for a man to be all…
wise?

Quite impossible (he answered)。

Soc。 It would seem the wisdom of each is limited to his knowledge;
each is wise only in what he knows?

Euth。 That is my opinion。'24'

'24' Cf。 Plat。 〃Theaet。〃 145 D。 N。B。For this definition of wisdom
    see K。 Joel; ib。 p。 324 foll。

Soc。 Well! come now; Euthydemus; as concerning the good: ought we to
search for the good in this way?

What way? (he asked)。

Soc。 Does it seem to you that the same thing is equally advantageous
to all?

No; I should say not (he answered)。

Soc。 You would say that a thing which is beneficial to one is
sometimes hurtful to another?

Decidedly (he replied)。

Soc。 And is there anything else good except that which is beneficial;
should you say?'25'

'25' Or reading (1) {allo d' an ti phaies e agathon einai to
    ophelimon}; or else (2) {allo d' an ti phaies agathon einai to
    ophelimon}; (in which case {alloti} = {allo ti e};) translate (1)
    〃and what is beneficial is good (or a good); should you not say?〃
    lit。 〃could you say that the beneficial is anything else than good
    (or a good)?〃 or else (2) 〃and what is beneficial is good (or a
    good)? or is it anything else?〃

Nothing else (he answered)。

Soc。 It would seem to follow that the beneficial is good relatively to
him to whom it is beneficial?

That is how it appears to me (he answered)。

Soc。 And the beautiful: can we speak of a thing as beautiful in any
other way than relatively? or can you name any beautiful thing; body;
vessel; or whatever it be; which you know of as universally
beautiful?'26'

'26' i。e。 〃beautiful in all relations into which it enters。〃 Reading
    {to de kalon ekhoimen an pos allos eipein e estin onomazein kalon
    e soma e skeuos e all' otioun; o oistha pros tanta kalon on; Ma
    Di'; ouk egog'; ephe}。 For other emendations of the vulg。; and the
    many interpretations which have been given to the passage; see R。
    Kuhner ad loc。

Euth。 I confess I do not know of any such myself。'27'

'27' Or; adopting the reading {ekhois an} in place of {ekhoimen an}
    above; translate 〃I certainly cannot; I confess。〃

Soc。 I presume to turn a thing to its proper use is to apply it
beautifully?

Euth。 Undoubtedly it is a beautiful appliance。'28'

'28' Or; 〃I presume it is well and good and beautiful to use this;
    that; and the other thing for the purpose for which the particular
    thing is useful?〃〃That nobody can deny (he answered)。〃 It is
    impossible to convey simply the verbal play and the quasi…
    argumentative force of the Greek {kalos ekhei pros ti tini
    khresthai}。 See K。 Joel; p。 426。

Soc。 And is this; that; and the other thing beautiful for aught else
except that to which it may be beautifully applied?

Euth。 No single thing else。

Soc。 It would seem that the useful is beautiful relatively to that for
which it is of use?

So it appears to me (he answered)。

Soc。 And what of courage;'29' Euthydemus? I presume you rank courage
among things beautiful? It is a noble quality?'30'

'29' Or; perhaps better; 〃fortitude。〃 See H。 Sidgwick; 〃Hist。 of
    Ethics;〃 p。 43。

'30' It is one of {ta kala}。 See K。 Joel; ib。 p。 325; and in reference
    to the definitions of the Good and of the Beautiful; ib。 p。 425
    foll。

Nay; one of the most noble (he answered)。

Soc。 It seems that you regard courage as useful to no mean end?

Euth。 Nay; rather the greatest of all ends; God knows。

Soc。 Possibly in face of terrors and dangers you would consider it an
advantage to be ignorant of them?

Certainly not (he answered)。

Soc。 It seems that those who have no fear in face of dangers; simply
because they do not know what they are; are not courageous?

Most true (he answered); or; by the same showing; a large proportion
of madmen and cowards would be courageous。

Soc。 Well; and what of those who are in dread of things which are not
dreadful; are they

Euth。 Courageous; Socrates?still less so than the former; goodness
knows。

Soc。 Possibly; then; you would deem those who are good in the face of
terrors and dangers to be courageous; and those who are bad in the
face of the same to be cowards?

Certainly I should (he answered)。

Soc。 And can you suppose any other people to be good in respect of
such things except those who are able to cope with them and turn them
to noble account?'31'

'31' {kalos khresthai}; lit。 〃make a beautiful use of them。〃

No; these and these alone (he answered)。

Soc。 And those people who are of a kind to cope but badly with the
same occurrences; it would seem; are bad?

Who else; if not they? (he asked)。

Soc。 May it be that both one and the other class do use these
circumstances as they think they must and should?'32'

'32' Or; 〃feel bound and constrained to do。〃

Why; how else should they deal with them? (he asked)。

Soc。 Can it be said that those who are unable to cope well with them
or to turn them to noble account know how they must and should deal
with them?'33'

'33' Or; 〃Can it be said that those who are unable to cope nobly with
    their perilous surroundings know how they ought to deal with
    them?〃

I presume not (he answered)。

Soc。 It would seem to follow that those who have the knowledge how to
behave are also those who have the power?'34'

'34' 〃He who kens can。〃

Yes; these; and these alone (he said)。

Soc。 Well; but now; what of those who have made no egregious blunder
(in the matter); can it be they cope ill with the things and
circumstances we are discussing?

I think not (he answered)。

Soc。 It would seem; conversely; that they who cope ill have made some
egregious blunder?

Euth。 Probably; indeed; it would appear to follow。

Soc。 It would seem; then; that those who know'35' how to cope with
terrors and dangers well and nobly are courageous; and those who fail
utterly of this are cowards?

'35' 〃Who have the {episteme}。〃

So I judge them to be (he answered)。'36'

'36' N。B。For this definition of courage see Plat。 〃Laches;〃 195 A
    and passim; K。 Joel; op。 cit。 p。 325 foll。

A kingdom and a tyrrany'37' were; he opined; both of them forms of
government; but forms which differed from one another; in his belief;
a kingdom was a government over willing men in accordance with civil
law; whereas a t

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