seven discourses on art-第23章
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We will allow a poet to express his meaning； when his meaning is not well known to himself； with a certain degree of obscurity； as it is one source of the sublime。 But when； in plain prose； we gravely talk of courting the muse in shady bowers； waiting the call and inspiration of genius； finding out where he inhabits； and where he is to be invoked with the greatest success； of attending to times and seasons when the imagination shoots with the greatest vigour； whether at the summer solstice or the equinox； sagaciously observing how much the wild freedom and liberty of imagination is cramped by attention to established rules； and how this same imagination begins to grow dim in advanced age； smothered and deadened by too much judgment。 When we talk such language； or entertain such sentiments as these； we generally rest contented with mere words； or at best entertain notions not only groundless； but pernicious。
If all this means what it is very possible was originally intended only to be meant； that in order to cultivate an art； a man secludes himself from the commerce of the world； and retires into the country at particular seasons； or that at one time of the year his body is in better health； and consequently his mind fitter for the business of hard thinking than at another time； or that the mind may be fatigued and grow confused by long and unremitted application； this I can understand。 I can likewise believe that a man eminent when young for possessing poetical imagination； may； from having taken another road； so neglect its cultivation as to show less of its powers in his latter life。 But I am persuaded that scarce a poet is to be found； from Homer down to Dryden； who preserved a sound mind in a sound body； and continued practising his profession to the very last； whose later works are not as replete with the fire of imagination as those which were produced in his more youthful days。
To understand literally these metaphors or ideas expressed in poetical language； seems to be equally absurd as to conclude that because painters sometimes represent poets writing from the dictates of a little winged boy or genius； that this same genius did really inform him in a whisper what he was to write； and that he is himself but a mere machine； unconscious of the operations of his own mind。
Opinions generally received and floating in the world； whether true or false； we naturally adopt and make our own； they may be considered as a kind of inheritance to which we succeed and are tenants for life； and which we leave to our posterity very near in the condition in which we received it； not much being in any one man's power either to impair or improve it。
The greatest part of these opinions； like current coin in its circulation； we are obliged to take without weighing or examining； but by this inevitable inattention； many adulterated pieces are received； which； when we seriously estimate our wealth； we must throw away。 So the collector of popular opinions； when he embodies his knowledge； and forms a system； must separate those which are true from those which are only plausible。 But it becomes more peculiarly a duty to the professors of art not to let any opinions relating to that art pass unexamined。 The caution and circumspection required in such examination we shall presently have an opportunity of explaining。
Genius and taste； in their common acceptation； appear to be very nearly related； the difference lies only in this； that genius has superadded to it a habit or power of execution。 Or we may say； that taste； when this power is added； changes its name； and is called genius。 They both； in the popular opinion； pretend to an entire exemption from the restraint of rules。 It is supposed that their powers are intuitive； that under the name of genius great works are produced； and under the name of taste an exact judgment is given； without our knowing why； and without being under the least obligation to reason； precept； or experience。
One can scarce state these opinions without exposing their absurdity； yet they are constantly in the mouths of men； and particularly of artists。 They who have thought seriously on this subject； do not carry the point so far； yet I am persuaded； that even among those few who may be called thinkers； the prevalent opinion gives less than it ought to the powers of reason； and considers the principles of taste； which give all their authority to the rules of art； as more fluctuating； and as having less solid foundations than we shall find； upon examination； they really have。
The common saying； that tastes are not to be disputed； owes its influence； and its general reception； to the same error which leads us to imagine it of too high original to submit to the authority of an earthly tribunal。 It will likewise correspond with the notions of those who consider it as a mere phantom of the imagination； so devoid of substance as to elude all criticism。
We often appear to differ in sentiments from each other； merely from the inaccuracy of terms； as we are not obliged to speak always with critical exactness。 Something of this too may arise from want of words in the language to express the more nice discriminations which a deep investigation discovers。 A great deal； however； of this difference vanishes when each opinion is tolerably explained and understood by constancy and precision in the use of terms。
We apply the term taste to that act of the mind by which we like or dislike； whatever be the subject。 Our judgment upon an airy nothing； a fancy which has no foundation； is called by the same name which we give to our determination concerning those truths which refer to the most general and most unalterable principles of human nature； to works which are only to be produced by the greatest efforts of the human understanding。 However inconvenient this may be； we are obliged to take words as we find them； all we can do is to distinguish the things to which they are applied。
We may let pass those things which are at once subjects of taste and sense； and which having as much certainty as the senses themselves； give no occasion to inquiry or dispute。 The natural appetite or taste of the human mind is for truth； whether that truth results from the real agreement or equality of original ideas among themselves； from the agreement of the representation of any object with the thing represented； or from the correspondence of the several parts of any arrangement with each other。 It is the very same taste which relishes a demonstration in geometry； that is pleased with the resemblance of a picture to an original； and touched with the harmony of music。
All these have unalterable and fixed foundations in nature； and are therefore equally investigated by reason； and known by study； some with more； some with less clearness； but all exactly in the same way。 A picture that is unlike； is false。 Disproportionate ordinance of parts is not right because it cannot be true until it ceases to be a contradiction to assert that the parts have no relation to the whole。 Colouring is true where it is naturally adapted to the eye； from brightness； from softness； from harmony； from resemblance； because these agree with their object； nature； and therefore are true： as true as mathematical demonstration； but known to be true only to those who study these things。
But besides real； there is also apparent truth； or opinion； or prejudice。 With regard to real truth； when it is known； the taste which conforms to it is； and must be； uniform。 With regard to the second sort of truth； which may be called truth upon sufferance； or truth by courtesy； it is not fixed； but variable。 However； whilst these opinions and prejudices on which it is founded continue； they operate as truth； and the art； whose office it is to please the mind； as well as instruct it； must direct itself according to opinion； or it will not attain its end。
In proportion as these prejudices are known to be generally diffused； or long received； the taste which conforms to them approaches nearer to certainty； and to a sort of resemblance to real science； even where opinions are found to be no better than prejudices。 And since they deserve； on account of t
