seven discourses on art-第11章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
though they have not that kind of harmony which is produced by a variety of broken and transparent colours； have that effect of grandeur that was intended。 Perhaps these distinct colours strike the mind more forcibly； from there not being any great union between them； as martial music； which is intended to rouse the noble passions； has its effect from the sudden and strongly marked transitions from one note to another； which that style of music requires； whilst in that which is intended to move the softer passions the notes imperceptibly melt into one another。
In the same manner as the historical painter never enters into the detail of colours； so neither does he debase his conceptions with minute attention to the discriminations of drapery。 It is the inferior style that marks the variety of stuffs。 With him； the clothing is neither woollen； nor linen； nor silk； satin； or velvet： it is drapery； it is nothing more。 The art of disposing the foldings of the drapery make a very considerable part of the painter's study。 To make it merely natural is a mechanical operation； to which neither genius or taste are required； whereas； it requires the nicest judgment to dispose the drapery； so that the folds have an easy communication； and gracefully follow each other； with such natural negligence as to look like the effect of chance； and at the same time show the figure under it to the utmost advantage。
Carlo Maratti was of opinion that the disposition of drapery was a more difficult art than even that of drawing the human figure； that a student might be more easily taught the latter than the former； as the rules of drapery； he said； could not be so well ascertained as those for delineating a correct form； This； perhaps； is a proof how willingly we favour our own peculiar excellence。 Carlo Maratti is said to have valued himself particularly upon his skill in this part of the art yet in him the disposition appears so artificial； that he is inferior to Raffaelle； even in that which gave him his best claim to reputation
Such is the great principle by which we must be directed in the nobler branches of our art。 Upon this principle the Roman； the Florentine； the Bolognese schools； have formed their practice； and by this they have deservedly obtained the highest praise。 These are the three great schools of the world in the epic style。 The best of the French school； Poussin； Le Sueur； and Le Brun； have formed themselves upon these models； and consequently may be said； though Frenchmen； to be a colony from the Roman school。 Next to these； but in a very different style of excellence； we may rank the Venetian； together with the Flemish and the Dutch schools； all professing to depart from the great purposes of painting； and catching at applause by inferior qualities。
I am not ignorant that some will censure me for placing the Venetians in this inferior class； and many of the warmest admirers of painting will think them unjustly degraded； but I wish not to be misunderstood。 Though I can by no means allow them to hold any rank with the nobler schools of painting； they accomplished perfectly the thing they attempted。 But as mere elegance is their principal object； as they seem more willing to dazzle than to affect； it can be no injury to them to suppose that their practice is useful only to its proper end。 But what may heighten the elegant may degrade the sublime。 There is a simplicity； and I may add； severity； in the great manner； which is； I am afraid； almost incompatible with this comparatively sensual style。
Tintoret； Paul Veronese； and others of the Venetian schools； seem to have painted with no other purpose than to be admired for their skill and expertness in the mechanism of painting； and to make a parade of that art which； as I before observed； the higher style requires its followers to conceal。
In a conference of the French Academy； at which were present Le Brun； Sebastian Bourdon； and all the eminent artists of that age； one of the academicians desired to have their opinion on the conduct of Paul Veronese； who； though a painter of great consideration； had； contrary to the strict rules of art； in his picture of Perseus and Andromeda； represented the principal figure in shade。 To this question no satisfactory answer was then given。 But I will venture to say； that if they had considered the class of the artist； and ranked him as an ornamental painter； there would have been no difficulty in answering： 〃It was unreasonable to expect what was never intended。 His intention was solely to produce an effect of light and Shadow； everything was to be sacrificed to that intent； and the capricious composition of that picture suited very well with the style he professed。〃
Young minds are indeed too apt to be captivated by this splendour of style； and that of the Venetians will be particularly pleasing； for by them all those parts of the art that give pleasure to the eye or sense have been cultivated with care； and carried to the degree nearest to perfection。 The powers exerted in the mechanical part of the art have been called the language of painters； but we must say； that it is but poor eloquence which only shows that the orator can talk。 Words should be employed as the means； not as the end： language is the instrument； conviction is the work。
The language of painting must indeed be allowed these masters； but even in that they have shown more copiousness than choice； and more luxuriancy than judgment。 If we consider the uninteresting subjects of their invention； or at least the uninteresting manner in which they are treated； if we attend to their capricious composition； their violent and affected contrasts； whether of figures； or of light and shadow； the richness of their drapery； and； at the same time； the mean effect which the discrimination of stuffs gives to their pictures； if to these we add their total inattention to expression； and then reflect on the conceptions and the learning of Michael Angelo； or the simplicity of Raffaelle； we can no longer dwell on the comparison。 Even in colouring； if we compare the quietness and chastity of the Bolognese pencil to the bustle and tumult that fills every part of； a Venetian picture； without the least attempt to interest the passions； their boasted art will appear a mere struggle without effect； an empty tale told by an idiot； full of sound and fury； signifying nothing。
Such as suppose that the great style might happily be blended with the ornamental； that the simple； grave； and majestic dignity of Raffaelle could unite with the glow and bustle of a Paulo or Tintoret； are totally mistaken。 The principles by which each are attained are so contrary to each other； that they seem； in my opinion； incompatible； and as impossible to exist together； as to unite in the mind at the same time the most sublime ideas and the lowest sensuality。
The subjects of the Venetian painters are mostly such as give them an opportunity of introducing a great number of figures； such as feasts； marriages； and processions； public martyrdoms； or miracles。 I can easily conceive that Paul Veronese； if he were asked； would say that no subject was proper for an historical picture but such as admitted at least forty figures； for in a less number； he would assert； there could be no opportunity of the painter's showing his art in composition； his dexterity of managing and disposing the masses of light； and groups of figures； and of introducing a variety of Eastern dresses and characters in their rich stuffs。
But the thing is very different with a pupil of the greater schools。 Annibale Caracci thought twelve figures sufficient for any story： he conceived that more would contribute to no end but to fill space； that they would； be but cold spectators of the general action； or； to use his own expression； that they would be figures to be let。 Besides； it is impossible for a picture composed of so many parts to have that effect； so indispensably necessary to grandeur； of one complete whole。 However contradictory it may be in geometry； it is true in taste； that many little things will not make a great one。 The sublime impresses the mind at once with one great idea； it is a single blow： the elegant
