seven discourses on art-第10章
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to divide the attention of the spectator。 Whenever a story is related； every man forms a picture in his mind of the action and the expression of the persons employed。 The power of representing this mental picture in canvas is what we call invention in a painter。 And as in the conception of this ideal picture the mind does not enter into the minute peculiarities of the dress； furniture； or scene of action； so when the painter comes to represent it he contrives those little necessary concomitant circumstances in such a manner that they shall strike the spectator no more than they did himself in his first conception of the story。
I am very ready to allow that some circumstances of minuteness and particularity frequently tend to give an air of truth to a piece； and to interest the spectator in an extraordinary manner。 Such circumstances； therefore； cannot wholly be rejected； but if there be anything in the art which requires peculiar nicety of discernment； it is the disposition of these minute circumstantial parts which； according to the judgment employed in the choice； become so useful to truth or so injurious to grandeur。
However； the usual and most dangerous error is on the side of minuteness； and； therefore； I think caution most necessary where most have failed。 The general idea constitutes real excellence。 All smaller things； however perfect in their way； are to be sacrificed without mercy to the greater。 The painter will not inquire what things may be admitted without much censure。 He will not think it enough to show that they may be there； he will show that they must be there； that their absence would render his picture maimed and defective。
Thus； though to the principal group a second or third be added； and a second and third mass of light； care must be yet taken that these subordinate actions and lights； neither each in particular； nor all together； come into any degree of competition with the principal； they should make a part of that whole which would be imperfect without them。 To every part of painting this rule may be applied。 Even in portraits； the grace and； we may add； the likeness； consists more in taking the general air than in observing the effect similitude of every feature。
Thus figures must have a ground whereon to stand； they must be clothed； there must be a background； there must be light and shadow； but none of these ought to appear to have taken up any part of the artist's attention。 They should be so managed as not even to catch that of the spectator。 We know well enough； when we analyse a piece； the difficulty and the subtlety with which an artist adjusts the background； drapery； and masses of light； we know that a considerable part of the grace and effect of his picture depends upon them； but this art is so much concealed； even to a judicious eye； that no remains of any of these subordinate parts occur to memory when the picture is not present。
The great end of the art is to strike the imagination。 The painter is； therefore； to make no ostentation of the means by which this is done； the spectator is only to feel the result in his bosom。 An inferior artist is unwilling that any part of his industry should be lost upon the spectator。 He takes as much pains to discover； as the greater artist does to conceal； the marks of his subordinate assiduity。 In works of the lower kind everything appears studied and encumbered； it is all boastful art and open affectation。 The ignorant often part from such pictures with wonder in their mouths； and indifference in their hearts。
But it is not enough in invention that the artist should restrain and keep under all the inferior parts of his subject； he must sometimes deviate from vulgar and strict historical truth in pursuing the grandeur of his design。
How much the great style exacts from its professors to conceive and represent their subjects in a poetical manner； not confined to mere matter of fact； may be seen in the cartoons of Raffaelle。 In all the pictures in which the painter has represented the apostles； he has drawn them with great nobleness； he has given them as much dignity as the human figure is capable of receiving yet we are expressly told in Scripture they had no such respectable appearance； and of St。 Paul in particular； we are told by himself； that his bodily presence was mean。 Alexander is said to have been of a low stature： a painter ought not so to represent him。 Agesilaus was low； lame； and of a mean appearance。 None of these defects ought to appear in a piece of which he is the hero。 In conformity to custom； I call this part of the art history painting； it ought to be called poetical； as in reality it is。
All this is not falsifying any fact； it is taking an allowed poetical licence。 A painter of portraits retains the individual likeness； a painter of history shows the man by showing his actions。 A painter must compensate the natural deficiencies of his art。 He has but one sentence to utter； but one moment to exhibit。 He cannot； like the poet or historian； expatiate； and impress the mind with great veneration for the character of the hero or saint he represents； though he lets us know at the same time that the saint was deformed； or the hero lame。 The painter has no other means of giving an idea of the dignity of the mind； but by that external appearance which grandeur of thought does generally； though not always； impress on the countenance； and by that correspondence of figure to sentiment and situation which all men wish； but cannot command。 The painter； who may in this one particular attain with ease what others desire in vain； ought to give all that he possibly can； since there are so many circumstances of true greatness that he cannot give at all。 He cannot make his hero talk like a great man； he must make him look like one。 For which reason he ought to be well studied in the analysis of those circumstances which constitute dignity of appearance in real life。
As in invention； so likewise in； expression； care must be taken not to run into particularities； Those expressions alone should be given to the figures which their respective situations generally produce。 Nor is this enough； each person should also have that expression which men of his rank generally exhibit。 The joy or the grief of a character of dignity is not to be expressed in the same manner as a similar passion in a vulgar face。 Upon this principle Bernini； perhaps； may be subject to censure。 This sculptor； in many respects admirable； has given a very mean expression to his statue of David； who is represented as just going to throw the stone from the sling； and in order to give it the expression of energy he has made him biting his under…lip。 This expression is far from being general； and still farther from being dignified。 He might have seen it in an instance or two； and he mistook accident for universality。
With respect to colouring； though it may appear at first a part of painting merely mechanical； yet it still has its rules； and those grounded upon that presiding principle which regulates both the great and the little in the study of a painter。 By this； the first effect of the picture is produced； and as this is performed the spectator； as he walks the gallery； will stop； or pass along。 To give a general air of grandeur at first view； all trifling or artful play of little lights or an attention to a variety of tints is to be avoided； a quietness and simplicity must reign over the whole work； to which a breadth of uniform and simple colour will very much contribute。 Grandeur of effect is produced by two different ways； which seem entirely opposed to each other。 One is； by reducing the colours to little more than chiaroscuro； which was often the practice of the Bolognian schools； and the other； by making the colours very distinct and forcible； such as we see in those of Rome and Florence； but still； the presiding principle of both those manners is simplicity。 Certainly； nothing can be more simple than monotony； and the distinct blue； red； and yellow colours which are seen in the draperies of the Roman and Florentine schools； though they have not that kind of harmony which is produced by a variety of broken and transparent c
