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第37章

queen victoria-第37章

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ainly been entirely spontaneous; and had surprised the Court as much as the nation。 Nor had Albert's influence been used in any way to favour the interests of Russia。 As often happens in such cases; the Government had been swinging backwards and forwards between two incompatible policiesthat of non…interference and that of threats supported by forceeither of which; if consistently followed; might well have had a successful and peaceful issue; but which; mingled together; could only lead to war。 Albert; with characteristic scrupulosity; attempted to thread his way through the complicated labyrinth of European diplomacy; and eventually was lost in the maze。 But so was the whole of the Cabinet; and; when war came; his anti…Russian feelings were quite as vehement as those of the most bellicose of Englishmen。

Nevertheless; though the specific charges levelled against the Prince were without foundation; there were underlying elements in the situation which explained; if they did not justify; the popular state of mind。 It was true that the Queen's husband was a foreigner; who had been brought up in a foreign Court; was impregnated with foreign ideas; and was closely related to a multitude of foreign princes。 Clearly this; though perhaps an unavoidable; was an undesirable; state of affairs; nor were the objections to it merely theoretical; it had in fact produced unpleasant consequences of a serious kind。 The Prince's German proclivities were perpetually lamented by English Ministers; Lord Palmerston; Lord Clarendon; Lord Aberdeen; all told the same tale; and it was constantly necessary; in grave questions of national policy; to combat the prepossessions of a Court in which German views and German sentiments held a disproportionate place。 As for Palmerston; his language on this topic was apt to be unbridled。 At the height of his annoyance over his resignation; he roundly declared that he had been made a victim to foreign intrigue。 He afterwards toned down this accusation; but the mere fact that such a suggestion from such a quarter was possible at all showed to what unfortunate consequences Albert's foreign birth and foreign upbringing might lead。

But this was not all。 A constitutional question of the most profound importance was raised by the position of the Prince in England。 His presence gave a new prominence to an old problemthe precise definition of the functions and the powers of the Crown。 Those functions and powers had become; in effect; his; and what sort of use was he making of them? His views as to the place of the Crown in the Constitution are easily ascertainable; for they were Stockmar's; and it happens that we possess a detailed account of Stockmar's opinions upon the subject in a long letter addressed by him to the Prince at the time of this very crisis; just before the outbreak of the Crimean War。 Constitutional Monarchy; according to the Baron; had suffered an eclipse since the passing of the Reform Bill。 It was now 〃constantly in danger of becoming a pure Ministerial Government。〃 The old race of Tories; who 〃had a direct interest in upholding the prerogatives of the Crown;〃 had died out; and the Whigs were 〃nothing but partly conscious; partly unconscious Republicans; who stand in the same relation to the Throne as the wolf does to the lamb。〃 There was a rule that it was unconstitutional to introduce 〃the name and person of the irresponsible Sovereign〃 into parliamentary debates on constitutional matters; this was 〃a constitutional fiction; which; although undoubtedly of old standing; was fraught with danger〃; and the Baron warned the Prince that 〃if the English Crown permit a Whig Ministry to follow this rule in practice; without exception; you must not wonder if in a little time you find the majority of the people impressed with the belief that the King; in the view of the law; is nothing but a mandarin figure; which has to nod its head in assent; or shake it in denial; as his Minister pleases。〃 To prevent this from happening; it was of extreme importance; said the Baron; 〃that no opportunity should be let slip of vindicating the legitimate position of the Crown。〃 〃And this is not hard to do;〃 he added; 〃and can never embarrass a Minister where such straightforward loyal personages as the Queen and the Prince are concerned。〃 In his opinion; the very lowest claim of the Royal Prerogative should include 〃a right on the part of the King to be the permanent President of his Ministerial Council。〃 The Sovereign ought to be 〃in the position of a permanent Premier; who takes rank above the temporary head of the Cabinet; and in matters of discipline exercises supreme authority。〃 The Sovereign 〃may even take a part in the initiation and the maturing of the Government measures; for it would be unreasonable to expect that a king; himself as able; as accomplished; and as patriotic as the best of his Ministers; should be prevented from making use of these qualities at the deliberations of his Council。〃 〃The judicious exercise of this right;〃 concluded the Baron; 〃which certainly requires a master mind; would not only be the best guarantee for Constitutional Monarchy; but would raise it to a height of power; stability; and symmetry; which has never been attained。〃

Now it may be that this reading of the Constitution is a possible one; though indeed it is hard to see how it can be made compatible with the fundamental doctrine of ministerial responsibility。 William III presided over his Council; and he was a constitutional monarch; and it seems that Stockmar had in his mind a conception of the Crown which would have given it a place in the Constitution analogous to that which it filled at the time of William III。 But it is clear that such a theory; which would invest the Crown with more power than it possessed even under George III; runs counter to the whole development of English public life since the Revolution; and the fact that it was held by Stockmar; and instilled by him into Albert; was of very serious importance。 For there was good reason to believe not only that these doctrines were held by Albert in theory; but that he was making a deliberate and sustained attempt to give them practical validity。 The history of the struggle between the Crown and Palmerston provided startling evidence that this was the case。 That struggle reached its culmination when; in Stockmar's memorandum of 1850; the Queen asserted her 〃constitutional right〃 to dismiss the Foreign Secretary if he altered a despatch which had received her sanction。 The memorandum was; in fact; a plain declaration that the Crown intended to act independently of the Prime Minister。 Lord John Russell; anxious at all costs to strengthen himself against Palmerston; accepted the memorandum; and thereby implicitly allowed the claim of the Crown。 More than that; after the dismissal of Palmerston; among the grounds on which Lord John justified that dismissal in the House of Commons he gave a prominent place to the memorandum of 1850。 It became apparent that the displeasure of the Sovereign might be a reason for the removal of a powerful and popular Minister。 It seemed indeed as if; under the guidance of Stockmar and Albert; the 〃Constitutional Monarchy〃 might in very truth be rising 〃to a height of power; stability; and symmetry; which had never been attained。〃

But this new development in the position of the Crown; grave as it was in itself; was rendered peculiarly disquieting by the unusual circumstances which surrounded it。 For the functions of the Crown were now; in effect; being exercised by a person unknown to the Constitution; who wielded over the Sovereign an undefined and unbounded influence。 The fact that this person was the Sovereign's husband; while it explained his influence and even made it inevitable; by no means diminished its strange and momentous import。 An ambiguous; prepotent figure had come to disturb the ancient; subtle; and jealously guarded balance of the English Constitution。 Such had been the unexpected outcome of the tentative and fainthearted opening of Albert's political life。 He himself made no attempt to minimise either the multiplicity or the significance of the functions he performed。 He considered that it was his duty; he told the Duke of We

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