two poets-第29章
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' use was determined by the dimensions of the impression…stone。 When David explained these things to Eve； web…paper was almost undreamed of in France； although； about 1799； Denis Robert d'Essonne had invented a machine for turning out a ribbon of paper； and Didot…Saint…Leger had since tried to perfect it。 The vellum paper invented by Ambroise Didot only dates back as far as 1780。
This bird's eye view of the history of the invention shows incontestably that great industrial and intellectual advances are made exceedingly slowly； and little by little； even as Nature herself proceeds。 Perhaps articulate speech and the art of writing were gradually developed in the same groping way as typography and paper… making。
〃Rag…pickers collect all the rags and old linen of Europe；〃 the printer concluded； 〃and buy any kind of tissue。 The rags are sorted and warehoused by the wholesale rag merchants； who supply the paper… mills。 To give you some idea of the extent of the trade； you must know； mademoiselle； that in 1814 Cardon the banker； owner of the pulping troughs of Bruges and Langlee （where Leorier de l'Isle endeavored in 1776 to solve the very problem that occupied your father）； Cardon brought an action against one Proust for an error in weights of two millions in a total of ten million pounds' weight of rags； worth about four million francs！ The manufacturer washes the rags and reduces them to a thin pulp； which is strained； exactly as a cook strains sauce through a tamis； through an iron frame with a fine wire bottom where the mark which give its name to the size of the paper is woven。 The size of this mould； as it is called； regulates the size of the sheet。
〃When I was with the Messieurs Didot；〃 David continued； 〃they were very much interested in this question； and they are still interested； for the improvement which your father endeavored to make is a great commercial requirement； and one of the crying needs of the time。 And for this reason： although linen lasts so much longer than cotton； that it is in reality cheaper in the end； the poor would rather make the smaller outlay in the first instance； and； by virtue of the law of Vae victis！ pay enormously more before they have done。 The middle classes do the same。 So there is a scarcity of linen。 In England； where four… fifths of the population use cotton to the exclusion of linen； they make nothing but cotton paper。 The cotton paper is very soft and easily creased to begin with； and it has a further defect： it is so soluble that if you seep a book made of cotton paper in water for fifteen minutes； it turns to a pulp； while an old book left in water for a couple of hours is not spoilt。 You could dry the old book； and the pages； though yellow and faded； would still be legible； the work would not be destroyed。
〃There is a time coming when legislation will equalize our fortunes； and we shall all be poor together； we shall want our linen and our books to be cheap； just as people are beginning to prefer small pictures because they have not wall space enough for large ones。 Well； the shirts and the books will not last； that is all； it is the same on all sides； solidity is drying out。 So this problem is one of the first importance for literature； science； and politics。
〃One day； in my office； there was a hot discussion going on about the material that the Chinese use for making paper。 Their paper is far better than ours； because the raw material is better； and a good deal was said about this thin； light Chinese paper； for if it is light and thin； the texture is close； there are no transparent spots in it。 In Paris there are learned men among the printers' readers； Fourier and Pierre Leroux are Lachevardiere's readers at this moment； and the Comte de Saint…Simon； who happened to be correcting proofs for us； came in in the middle of the discussion。 He told us at once that； according to Kempfer and du Halde； the Broussonetia furnishes the substance of the Chinese paper； it is a vegetable substance （like linen or cotton for that matter）。 Another reader maintained that Chinese paper was principally made of an animal substance； to wit； the silk that is abundant there。 They made a bet about it in my presence。 The Messieurs Didot are printers to the Institute； so naturally they referred the question to that learned body。 M。 Marcel； who used to be superintendent of the Royal Printing Establishment； was umpire； and he sent the two readers to M。 l'Abbe Grozier； Librarian at the Arsenal。 By the Abbe's decision they both lost their wages。 The paper was not made of silk nor yet from the Broussonetia； the pulp proved to be the triturated fibre of some kind of bamboo。 The Abbe Grozier had a Chinese book； an iconographical and technological work； with a great many pictures in it； illustrating all the different processes of paper…making； and he showed us a picture of the workshop with the bamboo stalks lying in a heap in the corner； it was extremely well drawn。
〃Lucien told me that your father； with the intuition of a man of talent； had a glimmering of a notion of some way of replacing linen rags with an exceedingly common vegetable product； not previously manufactured； but taken direct from the soil； as the Chinese use vegetable fibre at first hand。 I have classified the guesses made by those who came before me； and have begun to study the question。 The bamboo is a kind of reed； naturally I began to think of the reeds that grow here in France。
〃Labor is very cheap in China； where a workman earns three halfpence a day； and this cheapness of labor enables the Chinese to manipulate each sheet of paper separately。 They take it out of the mould； and press it between heated tablets of white porcelain； that is the secret of the surface and consistence； the lightness and satin smoothness of the best paper in the world。 Well； here in Europe the work must be done by machinery； machinery must take the place of cheap Chinese labor。 If we could but succeed in making a cheap paper of as good a quality； the weight and thickness of printed books would be reduced by more than one…half。 A set of Voltaire； printed on our woven paper and bound； weighs about two hundred and fifty pounds； it would only weigh fifty if we used Chinese paper。 That surely would be a triumph； for the housing of many books has come to be a difficulty； everything has grown smaller of late； this is not an age of giants； men have shrunk； everything about them shrinks； and house…room into the bargain。 Great mansions and great suites of rooms will be abolished sooner or later in Paris； for no one will afford to live in the great houses built by our forefathers。 What a disgrace for our age if none of its books should last！ Dutch paperthat is； paper made from flaxwill be quite unobtainable in ten years' time。 Well； your brother told me of this idea of your father's； this plan for using vegetable fibre in paper… making； so you see that if I succeed； you have a right to〃
Lucien came up at that moment and interrupted David's generous assertion。
〃I do not know whether you have found the evening pleasant；〃 said he； 〃it has been a cruel time for me。〃
〃Poor Lucien！ what can have happened？〃 cried Eve； as she saw her brother's excited face。
The poet told the history of his agony； pouring out a flood of clamorous thoughts into those friendly hearts； Eve and David listening in pained silence to a torrent of woes that exhibited such greatness and such pettiness。
〃M。 de Bargeton is an old dotard。 The indigestion will carry him off before long； no doubt；〃 Lucien said； as he made an end； 〃and then I will look down on these proud people； I will marry Mme。 de Bargeton。 I read to…night in her eyes a love as great as mine for her。 Yes； she felt all that I felt； she comforted me； she is as great and noble as she is gracious and beautiful。 She will never give me up。〃
〃It is time that life was made smooth for him； is it not？〃 murmured David； and for answer Eve pressed his arm without speaking。 David guessed her thoughts； and began at once to tell Lucien about his own plans。
If Lucien was full of his troubles； the lovers were quite as full of themselves。 So absorbed were they； so eager that Lucien should approve their happiness； that neither Eve nor
