the american republic-第25章
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er； a sovereignty； speaks to all within its jurisdiction with an imperative voice； commands； and may use physical force to compel obedience； when not voluntarily yielded。 Men are born its subjects； and no one can withdraw from it 142 without its express or tacit permission； unless for causes that would justify resistance to its authority。 The right of subjects to denationalize or expatriate themselves； except to escape a tyranny or an oppression which would forfeit the rights of power and warrant forcible resistance to it； does not exist； any more than the right of foreigners to become citizens； unless by the consent and authorization of the sovereign； for the citizen or subject belongs to the state； and is bound to it。
The solidarity of the individuals composing the population of a territory or country under one political head is a truth； but 〃the solidarity of peoples；〃 irrespective of the government or political authority of their respective countries； so eloquently preached a few years since by the Hungarian Kossuth； is not only a falsehood； but a falsehood destructive of all government and of all political organization。 Kossuth's doctrine supposes the people； or the populations of all countries； are； irrespective of their governments； bound together in solido； each for all and all for each； and therefore not only free； but bound； wherever they find a population struggling nominally for liberty against its government； to rush with arms in their hands to its assistancea doctrine clearly incompati… 143 ble with any recognition of political authority or territorial rights。 Peoples or nations commune with each other only through the national authorities； and when the state proclaims neutrality or non…intervention； all its subjects are bound to be neutral； and to abstain from all intervention on either side。 There may be； and indeed there is； a solidarity； more or less distinctly recognized； of Christian nations； but of the populations with and through their governments； not without them。 Still more strict is the solidarity of all the individuals of one and the same nation。 These are all bound together； all for each and each for all。 The individual is born into society and under the government； and without the authority of the government； which represents all and each； he cannot release himself from his obligations。 The state is then by no means a voluntary association。 Every one born or adopted into it is bound to it； and cannot without its permission withdraw from it； unless； as just said； it is manifest that he can have under it no protection for his natural rights as a man； more especially for his rights of conscience。 This is Vattel's doctrine； and the dictate of common sense。
The constitution drawn up； ordained； and established by a nation for itself is a lawthe 144 organic or fundamental law； if you will； but a law； and is and must be the act of the sovereign power。 That sovereign power must exist before it can act； and it cannot exist； if vested in the people or nation； without a constitution； or without some sort of political organization of the people or nation。 There must； then； be for every state or nation a constitution anterior to the constitution which the nation gives itself； and from which the one it gives itself derives all its vitality and legal force。
Logic and historical facts are here； as elsewhere； coincident； for creation and providence are simply the expression of the Supreme Logic； the Logos； by whom all things are made。 Nations have originated in various ways； but history records no instance of a nation existing as an inorganic mass organizing itself into a political community。 Every nation； at its first appearance above the horizon； is found to have an organization of some sort。 This is evident from the only ways in which history shows us nations originating。 These ways are： 1。 The union of families in the tribe。 2。 The union of tribes in the nation。 3。 The migration of families； tribes； or nations in search of new settlements。 4。 Colonization； military； agricultural； commercial； industrial； religious； or penal。 5。 War 145 and conquest。 6。 The revolt； separation； and independence of provinces。 7。 The intermingling of the conquerors and conquered； and by amalgamation forming a new people。 These are all the ways known to history； and in none of these ways does a people； absolutely destitute of all organization； constitute itself a state； and institute and carry on civil government。
The family； the tribe； the colony are； if incomplete； yet incipient states； or inchoate nations； with an organization； individuality； and a centre of social life of their own。 The families and tribes that migrate in search of new settlements carry with them their family and tribal organizations； and retain it for a long time。 The Celtic tribes retained it in Gaul till broken up by the Roman conquest； under Caesar Augustus； in Ireland； till the middle of the seventeenth century； and in Scotland； till the middle of the eighteenth。 It subsists still in the hordes of Tartary； the Arabs of the Desert； and the Berbers or Kabyles of Africa。
Colonies； of whatever description； have been founded； if not by； at least under； the authority of the mother country； whose political constitution； laws； manners； and customs they carry with them。 They receive from the parent state 146 a political organization； which； though subordinate； yet constitutes them embryonic states； with a unity； individuality； and centre of public life in themselves； and which； when they are detached and recognized as independent； render them complete states。 War and conquest effect great national changes； but do not； strictly speaking； create new states。 They simply extend and consolidate the power of the conquering state。
Provinces revolt and become independent states or nations； but only when they have previously existed as such； and have retained the tradition of their old constitution and independence； or when the administration has erected them into real though dependent political communities。 A portion of the people of a state not so erected or organized； that has in no sense had a distinct political existence of its own； has never separated from the national body and formed a new and independent nation。 It cannot revolt； it may rise up against the government； and either revolutionize and take possession of the state； or be put down by the government as an insurrection。 The amalgamation of the conquering and the conquered forms a new people； and modifies the institutions of both； but does not necessarily form a 147 new nation or political community。 The English of to…day are very different from both the Normans and the Saxons； or Dano…Saxons； of the time of Richard Coeur de Lion； but they constitute the same state or political community。 England is still England。
The Roman empire； conquered by the Northern barbarians； has been cut up into several separate and independent nations； but because its several provinces had； prior to their conquest by the Roman arms； been independent nations or tribes； and more especially because the conquerors themselves were divided into several distinct nations or confederacies。 If the barbarians had been united in a single nation or state； the Roman empire most likely would have changed masters； indeed； but have retained its unity and its constitution； for the Germanic nations that finally seated themselves on its ruins had no wish to destroy its name or nationality； for they were themselves more than half Romanized before conquering Rome。 But the new nations into which the empire has been divided have never been； at any moment； without political or governmental organization； continued from the constitution of the conquering tribe or nation； modified more or less by what was retained from the empire。
148 It is not pretended that the constitutions of states cannot be altered； or that eve
