the grand canyon of arizona-第49章

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e　Colorado　Desert　to　San　Gabriel　Mission　in　California；　back　again　to　the　Mohaves；　and　finally　across　the　Arizona　desert　to　the　province　of　Tusayan；　the　land　of　the　Hopis。

Havasupais　Guide　Garces　to　the　Hopi　Towns。　It　was　on　June　4；　1776memorable　year　in　American　annalsthat　Garces　started　under　the　guidance　of　some　Wallapais　for　the　Hopi　towns。　They　had　given　him　fair　details　of　the　country　he　would　have　to　travel　over。　Passing　by　their　own　home　in　Diamond　Creek　（one　of　the　earliest　approaches　to　the　Grand　Canyon）；　he　decided　to　visit　the　Havasupais；　whom　he　calls　Yabesuas。　Those　familiar　with　Spanish　spelling　and　pronunciation　will　readily　recognize　that　they　are　almost　one　and　the　same。　The　Wallapais　took　the　priest　down　their　own　trail　into　Havasu　or　Cataract　Canyon；a　trail　which　made　his　head　swim；　and　where　his　mule　had　to　be　left　behind；　to　be　brought　to　him　later　by　another　route。　He　also　describes　the　ladder　down　which　he　climbed　just　before　reaching　the　place　where　the　innumerable　springs　flow　out　of　the　solid　rock　and　form　Havasu　Creek。　It　was　the　same　ladder　descended　eighty　years　later　by　Egloffstein；　Lieutenant　Ives's　artist；　who　was　so　heavy　that　he　took　down　ladder　and　all　with　him。　Here　Garces　stayed　five　days；　being　hospitably　treated　by　the　natives；　who　brought　him　melons；　squash；　corn；　beans；　etc。；　and　who　had　thriving　trees　of　peaches　and　apricots。

The　Grand　Canyon　Is　Reached。　Leaving　the　kindhearted　Havasupais；　he　returned　to　the　plateau　above；　and　soon　saw　for　the　first　time　the　deep　gorge　of　the　Colorado　River　itself；the　Grand　Canyon。　He　describes　with　surprising　accuracy　of　detail　the　break　in　the　Kaibabs；　where　the　Marble　and　Little　Colorado　Canyons　unite　and　form　the　Grand　Canyon；　and　then；　a　little　later；　he　gives　a　true　description　of　the　Little　Colorado　Canyon。　From　his　account；　he　doubtless　went　down　by　the　old　Hopi　Salt　Trail　into　the　gorge　of　the　Little　Colorado；　and　thus　on　to　Oraibi；　which　he　reached　July　2；　1776。

Wishes　to　Baptize　the　Indians。　About　this　time　those　interesting；　exciting　and　most　important　of　all　discussions　were　raging　in　the　Continental　Congress　on　the　eastern　side　of　the　continent；　which；　two　days　later；　were　to　result　in　the　signing　of　the　Declaration　of　Independence。　Jefferson　had　undoubtedly　written　it　at　this　time；　but　Garces　knew　not　the　name　of　the　great　patriot　and　his　compeers。　He　was　bent　on　a　different　mission。　He　wished　to　declare　to　the　Hopis　how　they　might　have　freedom；freedom　from　sin　and　the　fear　of　hell。　For；　as　Elliott　Coues　（the　scholarly　translator　of　Garces's　diary；　published　a　few　years　ago　by　F。　P。　Harper　of　New　York）　expresses　it：　〃It　made　him　sick　at　heart　to　see　so　many　natives　going　to　hell　for　lack　of　the　three　drops　of　water　he　would　sprinkle　over　them　if　only　they　would　let　him　do　it。〃

Garces　Reaches　Oraibi。　His　arrival　at　Oraibi　caused　great　excitement；　though　a　priest　had　been　at　work　there　as　early　as　1650。　There　were　four　priests　laboring　among　the　Hopis　in　1680；　when　the　great　native　uprising　throughout　New　Mexico　and　Arizona　occurred；　and　all　of　them；　with　many　others　（laymen　and　soldiers　as　well）　were　slain　at　that　time。　Then；　too；　the　remembrance　had　not　died　away　of　the　total　destruction　of　the　town　of　Awatobi　（one　of　the　Hopi　towns　of　that　day）　in　the　year　1700；　because　the　people　of　that　place　were　hospitable　and　tolerant　of　the　〃long　gowns。〃　The　medicine　men　and　leaders　of　all　the　adjacent　towns　gathered　together；　and　led　a　force　which　fell　upon　Awatobi　in　the　dead　of　the　night。　Every　male　in　it　was　slain；　and　only　some　of　the　women　and　girls　were　saved　and　taken　to　the　other　towns。　The　place　was　fired；　and　remained　a　neglected　ruin；　until　the　scholarship　and　labors　of　recent　ethnologists　dug　up　both　the　town　and　its　tragic　history。

Indians　Are　Hostile。　Poor　Garces！　The　hostility　of　the　Oraibis　was　apparent。　They　refused　to　allow　him　to　enter　a　house；　and　he　was　compelled　to　camp　outside；　in　a　corner　formed　by　a　jutting　wall；　while　his　guide　sheltered　his　mule　in　a　sheep　corral。　He　built　his　little　camp　fire；　cooked　his　frugal　meal；　and　slept　there　during　the　night；　doubtless　committing　himself　and　the　people　who　refused　to　receive　him　to　the　protecting　mercies　of　God。　The　next　day　the　chiefs　of　the　town　came　to　him；　clothed　in　their　ceremonial　costumes　and　feathery　head…dresses；　and　bade　him　leave　the　place。　He　held　up　his　crucifix　as　an　index　of　his　mission；　and　endeavored　to　tell　them　that　he　came　solely　to　do　them　good。　But　they　would　have　none　of　him；　and　on　the　following　day；　the　memorable　Fourth　of　July；　they　expelled　him　peaceably　but　forcibly　from　their　town。　He　returned　to　the　Colorado　River　again　on　July　25；　and　soon　to　San　Xavier；　his　mission；　a　failure。

Establishes　Missions　among　the　Yumas。　Now　he　threw　his　whole　heart　into　the　two　missions　which　the　authorities　had　decided　to　place　among　the　Yumas。　Captain　Palma；　a　Yuma　chief；　who　had　been　very　friendly；　had　urged　it　repeatedly；　and　now　the　desires　of　both　were　to　be　fulfilled。　In　1779；　Garces　went　to　prepare　the　way；　and　the　following　year　the　establishment　took　place。　The　missions　were　eight　miles　apart；　one　was　named　La　Purisima　Concepcion；　the　other；　San　Pedro　y　San　Pablo　de　Bicuner。　Garces　and　Barraneche　took　charge　of　the　upper　mission；　and　Diaz　and　Moreno　of　the　lower。

Garces　Is　Killed。　The　missions　were　a　failure　from　the　start。　The　few　Spanish　soldiers　sent　to　guard　the　padres　were　obliged　to　utilize　some　of　the　best　lands　which　were　tilled　for　their　own　benefit。　The　appropriations　from　the　treasury　were　too　small　to　permit　of　anything　but　the　rudest　and　simplest　of　structures；　and　Palma　and　his　friends　soon　became　disgusted　with　the　whole　affair。　On　July　17　the　Indians；　many　of　whom　had　been　hostile　from　the　first；　arose　and　massacred　both　colonies　of　white　men；　as　well　as　a　small　force　of　soldiers　under　former　Governor　Rivera；　of　California；　who　was　encamped　temporarily　on　the　western　side　of　the　river。　At　first；　Garces'　life　was　spared；　but　before　the　day　was　over　he　and　his　co…laborer　were　beaten　to　death；　and　his　unselfish　mission　on　earth　ended。　In　my　book　〃In　and　Out　of　the　Old　Missions　of　California〃；　I　give　this　interesting　and　tragic　history　in　fuller　detail。　This；　then；　is　the　man　whose　name　is　given　to　the　railway　building　at　Needles；　in　order　that　his　heroic　labors　for　the　Indians　of　the　Colorado　River　region　may　not　be　forgotten。



CHAPTER　XXVI。　Powell's　And　Other　Explorations　Of　The　Grand　Canyon

In　the　chapters　on　Tovar　and　Cardenas；　Fray　Marcos　and　Garces；　I　have　given　some　idea　of　the　history　of　the　Spanish　explorations　of　the　Grand　Canyon　region。　In　this　chapter　is　presented　an　account　of　the　brave　work　done　by　later　explorers；　until　now　the　Grand　Canyon　and　the　whole　canyon　system　of　the　Colorado　River　is　as　well　known　as　the　course　of　many　a　less　dangerous　stream。

Early　American　Trappers。　Who　can　know　whether　any　of　those　daring　souls；　the　trappers　of　the　earliest　days　of　American　history；　ever　penetrated　to　the　depths　of　these　canyons　in　their　expeditions　after　the　pelts　of　fur…bearing　animals？　These　men　were　the　true　pioneers。　They　ever　kept　thrusting　the　frontier　line　further　forward。　As　civilization；　with　people；　villages；　towns；　cultivated　lands；　advanced　westward；　still　further　west　pushed　the　trapper。　Civilization　was　a　hindrance　to　his　business。　The　wild　animals　he　sought　fled　from　the　presence　of　many　men。　Though　the　Indian　had　penetrated　more　or　less　to　all　these　secluded　regions；　the　Indian　has　enough　of　the　reserve　of　outdoor　life　not　to　disturb　any　of　the　animals。　It　is　the　imperious；　self…willed；　noisy　white　man　who　drives　away　the　shy　creatures　of　the　wild。

United　States　Purchases　New　Territory。　In　1815；　the　small　nation　known　as　the　United　States　had　become　eager　to　grow；　and　Jefferson　had　made　his　memorable　purchase　of　all　the　territory　north　of　the　Red　River；　the　Arkansas　and　the　forty…second　parallel；　as　far　as　the　British　boundary　or　Canadian　line；　then　still　unsettled；　and　the　disputed　region　of　Oregon。　Lewis　and　Clark　had　made　their　wonderful　expedition；　and　the　world；　through　the　publication　of　their　report；　knew　a　little　of　the　immense　territory　now　acquired。　In　the　previous　century；　the　Spa