the paths of inland commerce-第4章
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These numerous keys to the Alleghanies were a challenge to the men of the seaboard to seize upon the rich trade of the West which had been early monopolized by the French in Canada。 But the challenge brought its difficult problems。 What land canoes could compete with the flotillas that brought their priceless cargoes of furs each year to Montreal and Quebec？ What race of landlubbers could vie with the picturesque bands of fearless voyageurs who sang their songs on the Great Lakes； the Ohio； the Illinois； and the Mississippi？
In the solution of this problem of diverting trade probably the factor of greatest importance； next to open pathways through the mountain barriers； was the rich stock…breeding ground lying between the Delaware and the Susquehanna rivers； a region occupied by the settlers familiarly known as the Pennsylvania Dutch。 In this famous belt； running from Pennsylvania into Virginia； originated the historic pack…horse trade with the 〃far Indians〃 of the Ohio Valley。 Here； in the first granary of America； Germans； Scotch…Irish； and English bred horses worthy of the name。 〃Brave fat Horses〃 an amazed officer under Braddock called the mounts of five Quakers who unexpectedly rode into camp as though straight 〃from the land of Goshen。〃 These animals； crossed with the Indian 〃pony〃 from New Spain； produced the wise； wiry； and sturdy pack…horse； fit to transport nearly two hundred pounds of merchandise across the rough and narrow Alleghany trails。 This animal and the heavy Conestoga horse from the same breeding ground revolutionized inland commerce。
The first American cow pony was not without his cowboy。 Though the drivers were not all of the same type and though the proprietors； so to speak； of the trans…Alleghany pack…horse trade came generally from the older settlements； the bulk of the hard work was done by a lusty army of men not reproduced again in America until the picturesque figure of the cow…puncher appeared above the western horizon。 This breed of men was nurtured on the outer confines of civilization； along the headwaters of the Susquehanna； the Potomac； the James； and the Broadthe country of the 〃Cowpens。〃 Rough as the wilderness they occupied； made strong by their diet of meat and curds； these Tatars of the highlands played a part in the commercial history of America that has never had its historian。 In their knowledge of Indian character； of horse and packsaddle lore； of the forest and its trails in every season； these men of the Cowpens were the kings of the old frontier。
An officer under Braddock has left us one of the few pictures of these people*：
* 〃Extracts of Letters from an Officer〃 （London； 1755）。
〃From the Heart of the Settlements we are now got into the Cow…pens； the Keepers of these are very extraordinary Kind of Fellows； they drive up their Herds on Horseback； and they had need do so； for their Cattle are near as wild as Deer； a Cow…pen generally consists of a very large Cottage or House in the Woods； with about four…score or one hundred Acres； inclosed with high Rails and divided； a small Inclosure they keep for Corn； for the family； the rest is the Pasture in which they keep their calves； but the Manner is far different from any Thing you ever saw； they may perhaps have a Stock of four or five hundred to a thousand Head of Cattle belonging to a Cow…pen； these run as they please in the Great Woods； where there are no Inclosures to stop them。 In the Month of March the Cows begin to drop their Calves； then the Cow…pen Master； with all his Men； rides out to see and drive up the Cows with all their new fallen Calves； they being weak cannot run away so as to escape； therefore are easily drove up； and the Bulls and other Cattle follow them； and they put these Calves into the Pasture； and every Morning and Evening suffer the Cows to come and suckle them； which done they let the Cows out into the great Woods to shift for their Food as well as they can； whilst the Calf is sucking one Tit of the Cow； the Woman of the Cow…Pen is milking one of the other Tits； so that she steals some Milk from the Cow； who thinks she is giving it to the Calf； soon as the Cow begins to go dry； and the Calf grows Strong； they mark them； if they are Males they cut them； and let them go into the Wood。 Every Year in September and October they drive up the Market Steers； that are fat and of a proper Age； and kill them； they say they are fat in October； but I am sure they are not so in May； June and July； they reckon that out of 100 Head of Cattle they can kill about 10 or 12 steers； and four or five Cows a Year； so they reckon that a Cow…Pen for every 100 Head of Cattle brings about 40 pounds Sterling per Year。 The Keepers live chiefly upon Milk； for out of their Vast Herds； they do condescend to tame Cows enough to keep their Family in Milk； Whey； Curds； Cheese and Butter； they also have Flesh in Abundance such as it is； for they eat the old Cows and lean Calves that are like to die。 The Cow…Pen Men are hardy People； are almost continually on Horseback； being obliged to know the Haunts of their Cattle〃。 〃You see； Sir； what a wild set of Creatures Our English Men grow into； when they lose Society； and it is surprising to think how many Advantages they throw away； which our industrious Country…Men would be glad of： Out of many hundred Cows they will not give themselves the trouble of milking more than will maintain their Family。〃
With such a race of born horsemen； every whit as bold and resourceful as the voyageurs； to bear the brunt of a new era of transportation； all that was needed to challenge French trade beyond the Alleghanies was competent and aggressive leadership。 The situation called for men of means； men of daring； men closely in touch with governors and assemblies and acquainted with the web of politics that was being spun at Philadelphia； Williamsburg； New York； London； and Paris。 Generations of tenacious struggle along the American frontier had developed such men。 The Weisers； Croghans； Gists； Washingtons； Franklins； Walkers； and Cresaps were men of varied descent and nationality。 They had the cunning； the boldness； and the resources to undertake successfully the task of conquering commercially the Great West。 They were the first men of the colonies to be unafraid of that bugbear of the trader； Distance。 We may aptly call them the first Americans because； though not a few were actually born abroad； they were the first whose plans； spirit； and very life were dominated by the vision of an America of continental dimensions。
The long story of French and English rivalry and of the war which ended it concerns us here chiefly as a commercial struggle。 The French at Niagara （1749） had access to the Ohio by way of Lake Erie and any one of several riversthe Allegheny； the Muskingum； the Scioto； or the Miami。 The main routes of the English were the Nemacolin and Kittanning paths。 The French； laboring under the disadvantages of the longer distance over which their goods had to be transported to the Indians and of the higher price necessarily demanded for them； had to meet the competition of the traders from the rival colonies of Pennsylvania and Virginia； each of them jealous of and underbidding the other。
When Celoron de Blainville was sent to the Allegheny in 1749； by the Governor of New France； his message was that 〃the Governor of Canada desired his children on Ohio to turn away the English Traders from amongst them and discharge them from ever coming to trade there again； or on any of the Branches。〃 He sent away all the traders whom he found； giving them letters addressed to their respective governors denying England's right to trade in the West。 To offset this move； within two years Pennsylvania sent goods to the value of nine hundred pounds in order to hold the Indians constant。 The Governor had already ordered the traders to sell whiskey to the Indians at 〃5 Bucks〃 per cask and had told the Indians； through his agent Conrad Weiser； that if any trader refused to sell the liquor at that price they might 〃take it from him and drink it for nothing。〃 There was but one way for the French to meet such competition。 Without delay they fortified the Allegheny and began to coerce the natives。 Driving away the
