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第29章

cratylus-第29章

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hearing the facetious one; for the Gods too love a joke。  Dionusos is

simply didous oinon (giver of wine); Didoinusos; as he might be called in

fun;and oinos is properly oionous; because wine makes those who drink;

think (oiesthai) that they have a mind (noun) when they have none。  The

derivation of Aphrodite; born of the foam (aphros); may be fairly accepted

on the authority of Hesiod。



HERMOGENES:  Still there remains Athene; whom you; Socrates; as an

Athenian; will surely not forget; there are also Hephaestus and Ares。



SOCRATES:  I am not likely to forget them。



HERMOGENES:  No; indeed。



SOCRATES:  There is no difficulty in explaining the other appellation of

Athene。



HERMOGENES:  What other appellation?



SOCRATES:  We call her Pallas。



HERMOGENES:  To be sure。



SOCRATES:  And we cannot be wrong in supposing that this is derived from

armed dances。  For the elevation of oneself or anything else above the

earth; or by the use of the hands; we call shaking (pallein); or dancing。



HERMOGENES:  That is quite true。



SOCRATES:  Then that is the explanation of the name Pallas?



HERMOGENES:  Yes; but what do you say of the other name?



SOCRATES:  Athene?



HERMOGENES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  That is a graver matter; and there; my friend; the modern

interpreters of Homer may; I think; assist in explaining the view of the

ancients。  For most of these in their explanations of the poet; assert that

he meant by Athene 'mind' (nous) and 'intelligence' (dianoia); and the

maker of names appears to have had a singular notion about her; and indeed

calls her by a still higher title; 'divine intelligence' (Thou noesis); as

though he would say:  This is she who has the mind of God (Theonoa);using

alpha as a dialectical variety for eta; and taking away iota and sigma

(There seems to be some error in the MSS。  The meaning is that the word

theonoa = theounoa is a curtailed form of theou noesis; but the omitted

letters do not agree。)。  Perhaps; however; the name Theonoe may mean 'she

who knows divine things' (Theia noousa) better than others。  Nor shall we

be far wrong in supposing that the author of it wished to identify this

Goddess with moral intelligence (en ethei noesin); and therefore gave her

the name ethonoe; which; however; either he or his successors have altered

into what they thought a nicer form; and called her Athene。



HERMOGENES:  But what do you say of Hephaestus?



SOCRATES:  Speak you of the princely lord of light (Phaeos istora)?



HERMOGENES:  Surely。



SOCRATES:  Ephaistos is Phaistos; and has added the eta by attraction; that

is obvious to anybody。



HERMOGENES:  That is very probable; until some more probable notion gets

into your head。



SOCRATES:  To prevent that; you had better ask what is the derivation of

Ares。



HERMOGENES:  What is Ares?



SOCRATES:  Ares may be called; if you will; from his manhood (arren) and

manliness; or if you please; from his hard and unchangeable nature; which

is the meaning of arratos:  the latter is a derivation in every way

appropriate to the God of war。



HERMOGENES:  Very true。



SOCRATES:  And now; by the Gods; let us have no more of the Gods; for I am

afraid of them; ask about anything but them; and thou shalt see how the

steeds of Euthyphro can prance。



HERMOGENES:  Only one more God!  I should like to know about Hermes; of

whom I am said not to be a true son。  Let us make him out; and then I shall

know whether there is any meaning in what Cratylus says。



SOCRATES:  I should imagine that the name Hermes has to do with speech; and

signifies that he is the interpreter (ermeneus); or messenger; or thief; or

liar; or bargainer; all that sort of thing has a great deal to do with

language; as I was telling you; the word eirein is expressive of the use of

speech; and there is an often…recurring Homeric word emesato; which means

'he contrived'out of these two words; eirein and mesasthai; the

legislator formed the name of the God who invented language and speech; and

we may imagine him dictating to us the use of this name:  'O my friends;'

says he to us; 'seeing that he is the contriver of tales or speeches; you

may rightly call him Eirhemes。'  And this has been improved by us; as we

think; into Hermes。  Iris also appears to have been called from the verb

'to tell' (eirein); because she was a messenger。



HERMOGENES:  Then I am very sure that Cratylus was quite right in saying

that I was no true son of Hermes (Ermogenes); for I am not a good hand at

speeches。



SOCRATES:  There is also reason; my friend; in Pan being the double…formed

son of Hermes。



HERMOGENES:  How do you make that out?



SOCRATES:  You are aware that speech signifies all things (pan); and is

always turning them round and round; and has two forms; true and false?



HERMOGENES:  Certainly。



SOCRATES:  Is not the truth that is in him the smooth or sacred form which

dwells above among the Gods; whereas falsehood dwells among men below; and

is rough like the goat of tragedy; for tales and falsehoods have generally

to do with the tragic or goatish life; and tragedy is the place of them?



HERMOGENES:  Very true。



SOCRATES:  Then surely Pan; who is the declarer of all things (pan) and the

perpetual mover (aei polon) of all things; is rightly called aipolos (goat…

herd); he being the two…formed son of Hermes; smooth in his upper part; and

rough and goatlike in his lower regions。  And; as the son of Hermes; he is

speech or the brother of speech; and that brother should be like brother is

no marvel。  But; as I was saying; my dear Hermogenes; let us get away from

the Gods。



HERMOGENES:  From these sort of Gods; by all means; Socrates。  But why

should we not discuss another kind of Godsthe sun; moon; stars; earth;

aether; air; fire; water; the seasons; and the year?



SOCRATES:  You impose a great many tasks upon me。  Still; if you wish; I

will not refuse。



HERMOGENES:  You will oblige me。



SOCRATES:  How would you have me begin?  Shall I take first of all him whom

you mentioned firstthe sun?



HERMOGENES:  Very good。



SOCRATES:  The origin of the sun will probably be clearer in the Doric

form; for the Dorians call him alios; and this name is given to him because

when he rises he gathers (alizoi) men together or because he is always

rolling in his course (aei eilein ion) about the earth; or from aiolein; of

which the meaning is the same as poikillein (to variegate); because he

variegates the productions of the earth。



HERMOGENES:  But what is selene (the moon)?



SOCRATES:  That name is rather unfortunate for Anaxagoras。



HERMOGENES:  How so?



SOCRATES:  The word seems to forestall his recent discovery; that the moon

receives her light from the sun。



HERMOGENES:  Why do you say so?



SOCRATES:  The two words selas (brightness) and phos (light) have much the

same meaning?



HERMOGENES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  This light about the moon is always new (neon) and always old

(enon); if the disciples of Anaxagoras say truly。  For the sun in his

revolution always adds new light; and there is the old light of the

previous month。



HERMOGENES:  Very true。



SOCRATES:  The moon is not unfrequently called selanaia。



HERMOGENES:  True。



SOCRATES:  And as she has a light which is always old and always new (enon

neon aei) she may very properly have the name selaenoneoaeia; and this when

hammered into shape becomes selanaia。



HERMOGENES:  A real dithyrambic sort of name that; Socrates。  But what do

you say of the month and the stars?



SOCRATES:  Meis (month) is called from meiousthai (to lessen); because

suffering diminution; the name of astra (stars) seems to be derived from

astrape; which is an improvement on anastrope; signifying the upsetting of

the eyes (anastrephein opa)。



HERMOGENES:  What do you say of pur (fire) and udor (water)?

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