the+critique+of+pure+reason_纯粹理性批判-第75章

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three　modes　of　conclusion；　by　which　reason　attains　to　cognitions　on
principles；　and　that　in　all　it　is　the　business　of　reason　to　ascend
from　the　conditioned　synthesis；　beyond　which　the　understanding　never
proceeds；　to　the　unconditioned　which　the　understanding　never　can
reach。
　　Now　the　most　general　relations　which　can　exist　in　our
representations　are：　1st；　the　relation　to　the　subject；　2nd；　the
relation　to　objects；　either　as　phenomena；　or　as　objects　of　thought
in　general。　If　we　connect　this　subdivision　with　the　main　division；　all
the　relations　of　our　representations；　of　which　we　can　form　either　a
conception　or　an　idea；　are　threefold：　1。　The　relation　to　the
subject；　2。　The　relation　to　the　manifold　of　the　object　as　a
phenomenon；　3。　The　relation　to　all　things　in　general。
　　Now　all　pure　conceptions　have　to　do　in　general　with　the
synthetical　unity　of　representations；　conceptions　of　pure　reason
（transcendental　ideas）；　on　the　other　hand；　with　the　unconditional
synthetical　unity　of　all　conditions。　It　follows　that　all
transcendental　ideas　arrange　themselves　in　three　classes；　the　first　of
which　contains　the　absolute　（unconditioned）　unity　of　the　thinking
subject；　the　second　the　absolute　unity　of　the　series　of　the　conditions
of　a　phenomenon；　the　third　the　absolute　unity　of　the　condition　of
all　objects　of　thought　in　general。
　　The　thinking　subject　is　the　object…matter　of　Psychology；　the　sum
total　of　all　phenomena　（the　world）　is　the　object…matter　of
Cosmology；　and　the　thing　which　contains　the　highest　condition　of　the
possibility　of　all　that　is　cogitable　（the　being　of　all　beings）　is
the　object…matter　of　all　Theology。　Thus　pure　reason　presents　us　with
the　idea　of　a　transcendental　doctrine　of　the　soul　（psychologia
rationalis）；　of　a　transcendental　science　of　the　world　（cosmologia
rationalis）；　and　finally　of　a　transcendental　doctrine　of　God
（theologia　transcendentalis）。　Understanding　cannot　originate　even
the　outline　of　any　of　these　sciences；　even　when　connected　with　the
highest　logical　use　of　reason；　that　is；　all　cogitable　syllogisms…
for　the　purpose　of　proceeding　from　one　object　（phenomenon）　to　all
others；　even　to　the　utmost　limits　of　the　empirical　synthesis。　They
are；　on　the　contrary；　pure　and　genuine　products；　or　problems；　of
pure　reason。
　　What　modi　of　the　pure　conceptions　of　reason　these　transcendental
ideas　are　will　be　fully　exposed　in　the　following　chapter。　They
follow　the　guiding　thread　of　the　categories。　For　pure　reason　never
relates　immediately　to　objects；　but　to　the　conceptions　of　these
contained　in　the　understanding。　In　like　manner；　it　will　be　made
manifest　in　the　detailed　explanation　of　these　ideas…　how　reason；
merely　through　the　synthetical　use　of　the　same　function　which　it
employs　in　a　categorical　syllogism；　necessarily　attains　to　the
conception　of　the　absolute　unity　of　the　thinking　subject…　how　the
logical　procedure　in　hypothetical　ideas　necessarily　produces　the
idea　of　the　absolutely　unconditioned　in　a　series　of　given
conditions；　and　finally…　how　the　mere　form　of　the　disjunctive
syllogism　involves　the　highest　conception　of　a　being　of　all　beings：
a　thought　which　at　first　sight　seems　in　the　highest　degree
paradoxical。
　　An　objective　deduction；　such　as　we　were　able　to　present　in　the
case　of　the　categories；　is　impossible　as　regards　these
transcendental　ideas。　For　they　have；　in　truth；　no　relation　to　any
object；　in　experience；　for　the　very　reason　that　they　are　only　ideas。
But　a　subjective　deduction　of　them　from　the　nature　of　our　reason　is
possible；　and　has　been　given　in　the　present　chapter。
　　It　is　easy　to　perceive　that　the　sole　aim　of　pure　reason　is　the
absolute　totality　of　the　synthesis　on　the　side　of　the　conditions；
and　that　it　does　not　concern　itself　with　the　absolute　pleteness
on　the　Part　of　the　conditioned。　For　of　the　former　alone　does　she　stand
in　need；　in　order　to　preposit　the　whole　series　of　conditions；　and　thus
present　them　to　the　understanding　a　priori。　But　if　we　once　have　a
pletely　（and　unconditionally）　given　condition；　there　is　no
further　necessity；　in　proceeding　with　the　series；　for　a　conception
of　reason；　for　the　understanding　takes　of　itself　every　step
downward；　from　the　condition　to　the　conditioned。　Thus　the
transcendental　ideas　are　available　only　for　ascending　in　the　series　of
conditions；　till　we　reach　the　unconditioned；　that　is；　principles。　As
regards　descending　to　the　conditioned；　on　the　other　hand；　we　find　that
there　is　a　widely　extensive　logical　use　which　reason　makes　of　the　laws
of　the　understanding；　but　that　a　transcendental　use　thereof　is
impossible；　and　that　when　we　form　an　idea　of　the　absolute　totality
of　such　a　synthesis；　for　example；　of　the　whole　series　of　all　future
changes　in　the　world；　this　idea　is　a　mere　ens　rationis；　an　arbitrary
fiction　of　thought；　and　not　a　necessary　presupposition　of　reason。
For　the　possibility　of　the　conditioned　presupposes　the　totality　of　its
conditions；　but　not　of　its　consequences。　Consequently；　this　conception
is　not　a　transcendental　idea…　and　it　is　with　these　alone　that　we　are
at　present　occupied。
　　Finally；　it　is　obvious　that　there　exists　among　the　transcendental
ideas　a　certain　connection　and　unity；　and　that　pure　reason；　by　means
of　them；　collects　all　its　cognitions　into　one　system。　From　the
cognition　of　self　to　the　cognition　of　the　world；　and　through　these
to　the　supreme　being；　the　progression　is　so　natural；　that　it　seems
to　resemble　the　logical　march　of　reason　from　the　premisses　to　the
conclusion。*　Now　whether　there　lies　unobserved　at　the　foundation　of
these　ideas　an　analogy　of　the　same　kind　as　exists　between　the
logical　and　transcendental　procedure　of　reason；　is　another　of　those
questions；　the　answer　to　which　we　must　not　expect　till　we　arrive　at
a　more　advanced　stage　in　our　inquiries。　In　this　cursory　and
preliminary　view；　we　have；　meanwhile；　reached　our　aim。　For　we　have
dispelled　the　ambiguity　which　attached　to　the　transcendental
conceptions　of　reason；　from　their　being　monly　mixed　up　with　other
conceptions　in　the　systems　of　philosophers；　and　not　properly
distinguished　from　the　conceptions　of　the　understanding；　we　have
exposed　their　origin　and；　thereby；　at　the　same　time　their
determinate　number；　and　presented　them　in　a　systematic　connection；　and
have　thus　marked　out　and　enclosed　a　definite　sphere　for　pure　reason。

　　*The　science　of　Metaphysics　has　for　the　proper　object　of　its
inquiries　only　three　grand　ideas：　GOD；　FREEDOM；　and　IMMORTALITY；　and
it　aims　at　showing；　that　the　second　conception；　conjoined　with　the
first；　must　lead　to　the　third；　as　a　necessary　conclusion。　All　the
other　subjects　with　which　it　occupies　itself；　are　merely　means　for　the
attainment　and　realization　of　these　ideas。　It　does　not　require　these
ideas　for　the　construction　of　a　science　of　nature；　but；　on　the
contrary；　for　the　purpose　of　passing　beyond　the　sphere　of　nature。　A
plete　insight　into　and　prehension　of　them　would　render　Theology；
Ethics；　and；　through　the　conjunction　of　both；　Religion；　solely
dependent　on　the　speculative　faculty　of　reason。　In　a　systematic
representation　of　these　ideas　the　above…mentioned　arrangement…　the
synthetical　one…　would　be　the　most　suitable；　but　in　the
investigation　which　must　necessarily　precede　it；　the　analytical；　which
reverses　this　arrangement；　would　be　better　adapted　to　our　purpose；
as　in　it　we　should　proceed　from　that　which　experience　immediately
presents　to　us…　psychology；　to　cosmology；　and　thence　to　theology。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　BOOK　II。

　　　　　　　　OF　THE　DIALECTICAL　PROCEDURE　OF　PURE　REASON。

　　It　may　be　said　that　the　object　of　a　merely　transcendental　idea　is
something　of　which　we　have　no　conception；　although　the　idea　may　be　a
necessary　product　of　reason　according　to　its　original　laws。　For；　in
fact；　a　conception　of　an　object　that　is　adequate　to　the　idea　given
by　reason；　is　impossible。　For　such　an　object　must　be　capable　of
being　presented　and　intuited　in　a　Possible　experience。　But　we　should
express　our　meaning　better；　and　with　less　risk　of　being　misunderstood；
if　we　said　that　we　can　have　no　knowledge　of　an　object；　which　perfectly
corresponds　to　an　idea；　although　we　may　possess　a　problematical
conception　thereof。
　　Now　the　transcendental　（subjecti