the+critique+of+pure+reason_纯粹理性批判-第5章

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cognition；　and；　what　is　more；　to　demonstrate　satisfactorily　the　laws
which　lie　a　priori　at　the　foundation　of　nature；　as　the　sum　of　the
objects　of　experience…　neither　of　which　was　possible　according　to
the　procedure　hitherto　followed。　But　from　this　deduction　of　the
faculty　of　a　priori　cognition　in　the　first　part　of　metaphysics；　we
derive　a　surprising　result；　and　one　which；　to　all　appearance；
militates　against　the　great　end　of　metaphysics；　as　treated　in　the
second　part。　For　we　e　to　the　conclusion　that　our　faculty　of
cognition　is　unable　to　transcend　the　limits　of　possible　experience；
and　yet　this　is　precisely　the　most　essential　object　of　this　science。
The　estimate　of　our　rational　cognition　a　priori　at　which　we　arrive
is　that　it　has　only　to　do　with　phenomena；　and　that　things　in
themselves；　while　possessing　a　real　existence；　lie　beyond　its
sphere。　Here　we　are　enabled　to　put　the　justice　of　this　estimate　to　the
test。　For　that　which　of　necessity　impels　us　to　transcend　the　limits　of
experience　and　of　all　phenomena　is　the　unconditioned；　which　reason
absolutely　requires　in　things　as　they　are　in　themselves；　in　order　to
plete　the　series　of　conditions。　Now；　if　it　appears　that　when；　on
the　one　hand；　we　assume　that　our　cognition　conforms　to　its　objects
as　things　in　themselves；　the　unconditioned　cannot　be　thought　without
contradiction；　and　that　when；　on　the　other　hand；　we　assume　that　our
representation　of　things　as　they　are　given　to　us；　does　not　conform
to　these　things　as　they　are　in　themselves；　but　that　these　objects；
as　phenomena；　conform　to　our　mode　of　representation；　the　contradiction
disappears：　we　shall　then　be　convinced　of　the　truth　of　that　which　we
began　by　assuming　for　the　sake　of　experiment；　we　may　look　upon　it　as
established　that　the　unconditioned　does　not　lie　in　things　as　we　know
them；　or　as　they　are　given　to　us；　but　in　things　as　they　are　in
themselves；　beyond　the　range　of　our　cognition。*

　　*This　experiment　of　pure　reason　has　a　great　similarity　to　that　of
the　chemists；　which　they　term　the　experiment　of　reduction；　or；　more
usually；　the　synthetic　process。　The　analysis　of　the　metaphysician
separates　pure　cognition　a　priori　into　two　heterogeneous　elements；
viz。；　the　cognition　of　things　as　phenomena；　and　of　things　in
themselves。　Dialectic　bines　these　again　into　harmony　with　the
necessary　rational　idea　of　the　unconditioned；　and　finds　that　this
harmony　never　results　except　through　the　above　distinction；　which
is；　therefore；　concluded　to　be　just。

　　But；　after　we　have　thus　denied　the　power　of　speculative　reason　to
make　any　progress　in　the　sphere　of　the　supersensible；　it　still　remains
for　our　consideration　whether　data　do　not　exist　in　practical　cognition
which　may　enable　us　to　determine　the　transcendent　conception　of　the
unconditioned；　to　rise　beyond　the　limits　of　all　possible　experience
from　a　practical　point　of　view；　and　thus　to　satisfy　the　great　ends
of　metaphysics。　Speculative　reason　has　thus；　at　least；　made　room　for
such　an　extension　of　our　knowledge：　and；　if　it　must　leave　this　space
vacant；　still　it　does　not　rob　us　of　the　liberty　to　fill　it　up；　if　we
can；　by　means　of　practical　data…　nay；　it　even　challenges　us　to　make
the　attempt。*

　　*So　the　central　laws　of　the　movements　of　the　heavenly　bodies
established　the　truth　of　that　which　Copernicus；　first；　assumed　only　as
a　hypothesis；　and；　at　the　same　time；　brought　to　light　that　invisible
force　（Newtonian　attraction）　which　holds　the　universe　together。　The
latter　would　have　remained　forever　undiscovered；　if　Copernicus　had　not
ventured　on　the　experiment…　contrary　to　the　senses　but　still　just…
of　looking　for　the　observed　movements　not　in　the　heavenly　bodies；
but　in　the　spectator。　In　this　Preface　I　treat　the　new　metaphysical
method　as　a　hypothesis　with　the　view　of　rendering　apparent　the　first
attempts　at　such　a　change　of　method；　which　are　always　hypothetical。
But　in　the　Critique　itself　it　will　be　demonstrated；　not
hypothetically；　but　apodeictically；　from　the　nature　of　our
representations　of　space　and　time。　and　from　the　elementary　conceptions
of　the　understanding。

　　This　attempt　to　introduce　a　plete　revolution　in　the　procedure
of　metaphysics；　after　the　example　of　the　geometricians　and　natural
philosophers；　constitutes　the　aim　of　the　Critique　of　Pure
Speculative　Reason。　It　is　a　treatise　on　the　method　to　be　followed；　not
a　system　of　the　science　itself。　But；　at　the　same　time；　it　marks　out
and　defines　both　the　external　boundaries　and　the　internal　structure　of
this　science。　For　pure　speculative　reason　has　this　peculiarity；
that；　in　choosing　the　various　objects　of　thought；　it　is　able　to　define
the　limits　of　its　own　faculties；　and　even　to　give　a　plete
enumeration　of　the　possible　modes　of　proposing　problems　to　itself；　and
thus　to　sketch　out　the　entire　system　of　metaphysics。　For；　on　the　one
hand；　in　cognition　a　priori；　nothing　must　be　attributed　to　the　objects
but　what　the　thinking　subject　derives　from　itself；　and；　on　the　other
hand；　reason　is；　in　regard　to　the　principles　of　cognition；　a　perfectly
distinct；　independent　unity；　in　which；　as　in　an　organized　body；
every　member　exists　for　the　sake　of　the　others；　and　all　for　the　sake
of　each；　so　that　no　principle　can　be　viewed；　with　safety；　in　one
relationship；　unless　it　is；　at　the　same　time；　viewed　in　relation　to
the　total　use　of　pure　reason。　Hence；　too；　metaphysics　has　this
singular　advantage…　an　advantage　which　falls　to　the　lot　of　no　other
science　which　has　to　do　with　objects…　that；　if　once　it　is　conducted
into　the　sure　path　of　science；　by　means　of　this　criticism；　it　can　then
take　in　the　whole　sphere　of　its　cognitions；　and　can　thus　plete
its　work；　and　leave　it　for　the　use　of　posterity；　as　a　capital　which
can　never　receive　fresh　accessions。　For　metaphysics　has　to　deal　only
with　principles　and　with　the　limitations　of　its　own　employment　as
determined　by　these　principles。　To　this　perfection　it　is；　therefore；
bound；　as　the　fundamental　science；　to　attain；　and　to　it　the　maxim
may　justly　be　applied：

　　　　Nil　actum　reputans；　si　quid　superesset　agendum。*

　　*〃He　considered　nothing　done；　so　long　as　anything　remained　to　be
done。〃

　　But；　it　will　be　asked；　what　kind　of　a　treasure　is　this　that　we
propose　to　bequeath　to　posterity？　What　is　the　real　value　of　this
system　of　metaphysics；　purified　by　criticism；　and　thereby　reduced　to　a
permanent　condition？　A　cursory　view　of　the　present　work　will　lead　to
the　supposition　that　its　use　is　merely　negative；　that　it　only　serves
to　warn　us　against　venturing；　with　speculative　reason；　beyond　the
limits　of　experience。　This　is；　in　fact；　its　primary　use。　But　this；
at　once；　assumes　a　positive　value；　when　we　observe　that　the　principles
with　which　speculative　reason　endeavours　to　transcend　its　limits
lead　inevitably；　not　to　the　extension；　but　to　the　contraction　of　the
use　of　reason；　inasmuch　as　they　threaten　to　extend　the　limits　of
sensibility；　which　is　their　proper　sphere；　over　the　entire　realm　of
thought　and；　thus；　to　supplant　the　pure　（practical）　use　of　reason。
So　far；　then；　as　this　criticism　is　occupied　in　confining　speculative
reason　within　its　proper　bounds；　it　is　only　negative；　but；　inasmuch　as
it　thereby；　at　the　same　time；　removes　an　obstacle　which　impedes　and
even　threatens　to　destroy　the　use　of　practical　reason；　it　possesses
a　positive　and　very　important　value。　In　order　to　admit　this；　we　have
only　to　be　convinced　that　there　is　an　absolutely　necessary　use　of　pure
reason…　the　moral　use…　in　which　it　inevitably　transcends　the　limits　of
sensibility；　without　the　aid　of　speculation；　requiring　only　to　be
insured　against　the　effects　of　a　speculation　which　would　involve　it　in
contradiction　with　itself。　To　deny　the　positive　advantage　of　the
service　which　this　criticism　renders　us　would　be　as　absurd　as。　to
maintain　that　the　system　of　police　is　productive　of　no　positive
benefit；　since　its　main　business　is　to　prevent　the　violence　which
citizen　has　to　apprehend　from　citizen；　that　so　each　may　pursue　his
vocation　in　peace　and　security。　That　space　and　time　are　only　forms
of　sensible　intuition；　and　hence　are　only　conditions　of　the
existence　of　things　as　phenomena；　that；　moreover；　we　have　no
conceptions　of　the　understanding；　and；