the+critique+of+pure+reason_纯粹理性批判-第43章

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those　which　are　represented　and　apprehended　by　us　as　extensive。
　　On　this　successive　synthesis　of　the　productive　imagination；　in　the
generation　of　figures；　is　founded　the　mathematics　of　extension；　or
geometry；　with　its　axioms；　which　express　the　conditions　of　sensuous
intuition　a　priori；　under　which　alone　the　schema　of　a　pure
conception　of　external　intuition　can　exist；　for　example；　〃be　tween　two
points　only　one　straight　line　is　possible；〃　〃two　straight　lines　cannot
enclose　a　space；〃　etc。　These　are　the　axioms　which　properly　relate　only
to　quantities　（quanta）　as　such。
　　But；　as　regards　the　quantity　of　a　thing　（quantitas）；　that　is　to　say；
the　answer　to　the　question：　〃How　large　is　this　or　that　object？〃
although；　in　respect　to　this　question；　we　have　various　propositions
synthetical　and　immediately　certain　（indemonstrabilia）；　we　have；　in
the　proper　sense　of　the　term；　no　axioms。　For　example；　the
propositions：　〃If　equals　be　added　to　equals；　the　wholes　are　equal〃；
〃If　equals　be　taken　from　equals；　the　remainders　are　equal〃；　are
analytical；　because　I　am　immediately　conscious　of　the　identity　of
the　production　of　the　one　quantity　with　the　production　of　the　other；
whereas　axioms　must　be　a　priori　synthetical　propositions。　On　the　other
hand；　the　self…evident　propositions　as　to　the　relation　of　numbers；　are
certainly　synthetical　but　not　universal；　like　those　of　geometry；　and
for　this　reason　cannot　be　called　axioms；　but　numerical　formulae。
That　7　＋　5　=　12　is　not　an　analytical　proposition。　For　neither　in　the
representation　of　seven；　nor　of　five；　nor　of　the　position　of　the
two　numbers；　do　I　cogitate　the　number　twelve。　（Whether　I　cogitate
the　number　in　the　addition　of　both；　is　not　at　present　the　question；
for　in　the　case　of　an　analytical　proposition；　the　only　point　is
whether　I　really　cogitate　the　predicate　in　the　representation　of　the
subject。）　But　although　the　proposition　is　synthetical；　it　is
nevertheless　only　a　singular　proposition。　In　so　far　as　regard　is
here　had　merely　to　the　synthesis　of　the　homogeneous　（the　units）；　it
cannot　take　place　except　in　one　manner；　although　our　use　of　these
numbers　is　afterwards　general。　If　I　say：　〃A　triangle　can　be
constructed　with　three　lines；　any　two　of　which　taken　together　are
greater　than　the　third；〃　I　exercise　merely　the　pure　function　of　the
productive　imagination；　which　may　draw　the　lines　longer　or　shorter　and
construct　the　angles　at　its　pleasure。　On　the　contrary；　the　number
seven　is　possible　only　in　one　manner；　and　so　is　likewise　the　number
twelve；　which　results　from　the　synthesis　of　seven　and　five。　Such
propositions；　then；　cannot　be　termed　axioms　（for　in　that　case　we
should　have　an　infinity　of　these）；　but　numerical　formulae。
　　This　transcendental　principle　of　the　mathematics　of　phenomena
greatly　enlarges　our　a　priori　cognition。　For　it　is　by　this　principle
alone　that　pure　mathematics　is　rendered　applicable　in　all　its
precision　to　objects　of　experience；　and　without　it　the　validity　of
this　application　would　not　be　so　self…evident；　on　the　contrary；
contradictions　and　confusions　have　often　arisen　on　this　very　point。
Phenomena　are　not　things　in　themselves。　Empirical　intuition　is
possible　only　through　pure　intuition　（of　space　and　time）；
consequently；　what　geometry　affirms　of　the　latter；　is　indisputably
valid　of　the　former。　All　evasions；　such　as　the　statement　that
objects　of　sense　do　not　conform　to　the　rules　of　construction　in
space　（for　example；　to　the　rule　of　the　infinite　divisibility　of
lines　or　angles）；　must　fall　to　the　ground。　For；　if　these　objections
hold　good；　we　deny　to　space；　and　with　it　to　all　mathematics；　objective
validity；　and　no　longer　know　wherefore；　and　how　far；　mathematics　can
be　applied　to　phenomena。　The　synthesis　of　spaces　and　times　as　the
essential　form　of　all　intuition；　is　that　which　renders　possible　the
apprehension　of　a　phenomenon；　and　therefore　every　external　experience；
consequently　all　cognition　of　the　objects　of　experience；　and
whatever　mathematics　in　its　pure　use　proves　of　the　former；　must
necessarily　hold　good　of　the　latter。　All　objections　are　but　the
chicaneries　of　an　ill…instructed　reason；　which　erroneously　thinks　to
liberate　the　objects　of　sense　from　the　formal　conditions　of　our
sensibility；　and　represents　these；　although　mere　phenomena；　as
things　in　themselves；　presented　as　such　to　our　understanding。　But　in
this　case；　no　a　priori　synthetical　cognition　of　them　could　be
possible；　consequently　not　through　pure　conceptions　of　space　and　the
science　which　determines　these　conceptions；　that　is　to　say；
geometry；　would　itself　be　impossible。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　2。　ANTICIPATIONS　OF　PERCEPTION。

　　　　The　principle　of　these　is：　In　all　phenomena　the　Real；　that
　　　　　　which　is　an　object　of　sensation；　has　Intensive　Quantity；
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　that　is；　has　a　Degree。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　PROOF。

　　Perception　is　empirical　consciousness；　that　is　to　say；　a
consciousness　which　contains　an　element　of　sensation。　Phenomena　as
objects　of　perception　are　not　pure；　that　is；　merely　formal　intuitions；
like　space　and　time；　for　they　cannot　be　perceived　in　themselves。
They　contain；　then；　over　and　above　the　intuition；　the　materials　for　an
object　（through　which　is　represented　something　existing　in　space　or
time）；　that　is　to　say；　they　contain　the　real　of　sensation；　as　a
representation　merely　subjective；　which　gives　us　merely　the
consciousness　that　the　subject　is　affected；　and　which　we　refer　to　some
external　object。　Now；　a　gradual　transition　from　empirical
consciousness　to　pure　consciousness　is　possible；　inasmuch　as　the
real　in　this　consciousness　entirely　vanishes；　and　there　remains　a
merely　formal　consciousness　（a　priori）　of　the　manifold　in　time　and
space；　consequently　there　is　possible　a　synthesis　also　of　the
production　of　the　quantity　of　a　sensation　from　its　mencement；
that　is；　from　the　pure　intuition　=　0　onwards　up　to　a　certain
quantity　of　the　sensation。　Now　as　sensation　in　itself　is　not　an
objective　representation；　and　in　it　is　to　be　found　neither　the
intuition　of　space　nor　of　time；　it　cannot　possess　any　extensive
quantity；　and　yet　there　does　belong　to　it　a　quantity　（and　that　by
means　of　its　apprehension；　in　which　empirical　consciousness　can　within
a　certain　time　rise　from　nothing　=　0　up　to　its　given　amount）；
consequently　an　intensive　quantity。　And　thus　we　must　ascribe　intensive
quantity；　that　is；　a　degree　of　influence　on　sense　to　all　objects　of
perception；　in　so　far　as　this　perception　contains　sensation。
　　All　cognition；　by　means　of　which　I　am　enabled　to　cognize　and
determine　a　priori　what　belongs　to　empirical　cognition；　may　be
called　an　anticipation；　and　without　doubt　this　is　the　sense　in　which
Epicurus　employed　his　expression　prholepsis。　But　as　there　is　in
phenomena　something　which　is　never　cognized　a　priori；　which　on　this
account　constitutes　the　proper　difference　between　pure　and　empirical
cognition；　that　is　to　say；　sensation　（as　the　matter　of　perception）；　it
follows；　that　sensation　is　just　that　element　in　cognition　which　cannot
be　at　all　anticipated。　On　the　other　hand；　we　might　very　well　term
the　pure　determinations　in　space　and　time；　as　well　in　regard　to　figure
as　to　quantity；　anticipations　of　phenomena；　because　they　represent　a
priori　that　which　may　always　be　given　a　posteriori　in　experience。
But　suppose　that　in　every　sensation；　as　sensation　in　general；
without　any　particular　sensation　being　thought　of；　there　existed
something　which　could　be　cognized　a　priori；　this　would　deserve　to　be
called　anticipation　in　a　special　sense…　special；　because　it　may　seem
surprising　to　forestall　experience；　in　that　which　concerns　the
matter　of　experience；　and　which　we　can　only　derive　from　itself。　Yet
such　really　is　the　case　here。
　　Apprehension；　by　means　of　sensation　alone；　fills　only　one　moment；
that　is；　if　I　do　not　take　into　consideration　a　succession　of　many
sensations。　As　that　in　the　phenomenon；　the　apprehension　of　which　is
not　a　successive　synthesis　advancing　from　parts　to　an　entire
representation；　sensation　has　therefore　no　extensive　quantity；　the
want　of　sensation　in　a　moment　of　time　would　represent　it　as　empty；
consequently　=　O。　That　which　in　the　empirical　intuition　corresponds　to
sensation　is　realit