the+critique+of+pure+reason_纯粹理性批判-第15章

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intuition；　and　consequently　to　the　subjective　constitution　of　the
mind；　without　which　these　predicates　of　time　and　space　could　not　be
attached　to　any　object？　In　order　to　bee　informed　on　these　points；
we　shall　first　give　an　exposition　of　the　conception　of　space。　By
exposition；　I　mean　the　clear；　though　not　detailed；　representation　of
that　which　belongs　to　a　conception；　and　an　exposition　is
metaphysical　when　it　contains　that　which　represents　the　conception
as　given　a　priori。
　　1。　Space　is　not　a　conception　which　has　been　derived　from　outward
experiences。　For；　in　order　that　certain　sensations　may　relate　to
something　without　me　（that　is；　to　something　which　occupies　a　different
part　of　space　from　that　in　which　I　am）；　in　like　manner；　in　order
that　I　may　represent　them　not　merely　as　without；　of；　and　near　to
each　other；　but　also　in　separate　places；　the　representation　of　space
must　already　exist　as　a　foundation。　Consequently；　the　representation
of　space　cannot　be　borrowed　from　the　relations　of　external　phenomena
through　experience；　but；　on　the　contrary；　this　external　experience
is　itself　only　possible　through　the　said　antecedent　representation。
　　2。　Space　then　is　a　necessary　representation　a　priori；　which　serves
for　the　foundation　of　all　external　intuitions。　We　never　can　imagine　or
make　a　representation　to　ourselves　of　the　non…existence　of　space；
though　we　may　easily　enough　think　that　no　objects　are　found　in　it。
It　must；　therefore；　be　considered　as　the　condition　of　the
possibility　of　phenomena；　and　by　no　means　as　a　determination　dependent
on　them；　and　is　a　representation　a　priori；　which　necessarily
supplies　the　basis　for　external　phenomena。
　　3。　Space　is　no　discursive；　or　as　we　say；　general　conception　of　the
relations　of　things；　but　a　pure　intuition。　For；　in　the　first　place；　we
can　only　represent　to　ourselves　one　space；　and；　when　we　talk　of　divers
spaces；　we　mean　only　parts　of　one　and　the　same　space。　Moreover；
these　parts　cannot　antecede　this　one　all…embracing　space；　as　the
ponent　parts　from　which　the　aggregate　can　be　made　up；　but　can　be
cogitated　only　as　existing　in　it。　Space　is　essentially　one；　and
multiplicity　in　it；　consequently　the　general　notion　of　spaces；　of　this
or　that　space；　depends　solely　upon　limitations。　Hence　it　follows
that　an　a　priori　intuition　（which　is　not　empirical）　lies　at　the　root
of　all　our　conceptions　of　space。　Thus；　moreover；　the　principles　of
geometry…　for　example；　that　〃in　a　triangle；　two　sides　together　are
greater　than　the　third；〃　are　never　deduced　from　general　conceptions　of
line　and　triangle；　but　from　intuition；　and　this　a　priori；　with
apodeictic　certainty。
　　4。　Space　is　represented　as　an　infinite　given　quantity。　Now　every
conception　must　indeed　be　considered　as　a　representation　which　is
contained　in　an　infinite　multitude　of　different　possible
representations；　which；　therefore；　prises　these　under　itself；　but
no　conception；　as　such；　can　be　so　conceived；　as　if　it　contained　within
itself　an　infinite　multitude　of　representations。　Nevertheless；　space
is　so　conceived　of；　for　all　parts　of　space　are　equally　capable　of
being　produced　to　infinity。　Consequently；　the　original
representation　of　space　is　an　intuition　a　priori；　and　not　a
conception。

　　SS　3。　Transcendental　Exposition　of　the　Conception　of　Space。

　　By　a　transcendental　exposition；　I　mean　the　explanation　of　a
conception；　as　a　principle；　whence　can　be　discerned　the　possibility　of
other　synthetical　a　priori　cognitions。　For　this　purpose；　it　is
requisite；　firstly；　that　such　cognitions　do　really　flow　from　the　given
conception；　and；　secondly；　that　the　said　cognitions　are　only
possible　under　the　presupposition　of　a　given　mode　of　explaining　this
conception。
　　Geometry　is　a　science　which　determines　the　properties　of　space
synthetically；　and　yet　a　priori。　What；　then；　must　be　our
representation　of　space；　in　order　that　such　a　cognition　of　it　may　be
possible？　It　must　be　originally　intuition；　for　from　a　mere　conception；
no　propositions　can　be　deduced　which　go　out　beyond　the　conception；　and
yet　this　happens　in　geometry。　（Introd。　V。）　But　this　intuition　must
be　found　in　the　mind　a　priori；　that　is；　before　any　perception　of
objects；　consequently　must　be　pure；　not　empirical；　intuition。　For
geometrical　principles　are　always　apodeictic；　that　is；　united　with　the
consciousness　of　their　necessity；　as：　〃Space　has　only　three
dimensions。〃　But　propositions　of　this　kind　cannot　be　empirical
judgements；　nor　conclusions　from　them。　（Introd。　II。）　Now；　how　can　an
external　intuition　anterior　to　objects　themselves；　and　in　which　our
conception　of　objects　can　be　determined　a　priori；　exist　in　the　human
mind？　Obviously　not　otherwise　than　in　so　far　as　it　has　its　seat　in　the
subject　only；　as　the　formal　capacity　of　the　subject's　being　affected
by　objects；　and　thereby　of　obtaining　immediate　representation；　that
is；　intuition；　consequently；　only　as　the　form　of　the　external　sense　in
general。
　　Thus　it　is　only　by　means　of　our　explanation　that　the　possibility
of　geometry；　as　a　synthetical　science　a　priori；　bees
prehensible。　Every　mode　of　explanation　which　does　not　show　us
this　possibility；　although　in　appearance　it　may　be　similar　to　ours；
can　with　the　utmost　certainty　be　distinguished　from　it　by　these　marks。

　　　　　　SS　4。　Conclusions　from　the　foregoing　Conceptions。

　　（a）　Space　does　Space　does　not　represent　any　property　of　objects　as
things　in　themselves；　nor　does　it　represent　them　in　their　relations　to
each　other；　in　other　words；　space　does　not　represent　to　us　any
determination　of　objects　such　as　attaches　to　the　objects　themselves；
and　would　remain；　even　though　all　subjective　conditions　of　the
intuition　were　abstracted。　For　neither　absolute　nor　relative
determinations　of　objects　can　be　intuited　prior　to　the　existence　of
the　things　to　which　they　belong；　and　therefore　not　a　priori。
　　（b）　Space　is　nothing　else　than　the　form　of　all　phenomena　of　the
external　sense；　that　is；　the　subjective　condition　of　the
sensibility；　under　which　alone　external　intuition　is　possible。　Now；
because　the　receptivity　or　capacity　of　the　subject　to　be　affected　by
objects　necessarily　antecedes　all　intuitions　of　these　objects；　it　is
easily　understood　how　the　form　of　all　phenomena　can　be　given　in　the
mind　previous　to　all　actual　perceptions；　therefore　a　priori；　and　how
it；　as　a　pure　intuition；　in　which　all　objects　must　be　determined；
can　contain　principles　of　the　relations　of　these　objects　prior　to
all　experience。
　　It　is　therefore　from　the　human　point　of　view　only　that　we　can
speak　of　space；　extended　objects；　etc。　If　we　depart　from　the
subjective　condition；　under　which　alone　we　can　obtain　external
intuition；　or；　in　other　words；　by　means　of　which　we　are　affected　by
objects；　the　representation　of　space　has　no　meaning　whatsoever。　This
predicate　is　only　applicable　to　things　in　so　far　as　they　appear　to　us；
that　is；　are　objects　of　sensibility。　The　constant　form　of　this
receptivity；　which　we　call　sensibility；　is　a　necessary　condition　of
all　relations　in　which　objects　can　be　intuited　as　existing　without　us；
and　when　abstraction　of　these　objects　is　made；　is　a　pure　intuition；　to
which　we　give　the　name　of　space。　It　is　clear　that　we　cannot　make　the
special　conditions　of　sensibility　into　conditions　of　the　possibility
of　things；　but　only　of　the　possibility　of　their　existence　as　far　as
they　are　phenomena。　And　so　we　may　correctly　say　that　space　contains
all　which　can　appear　to　us　externally；　but　not　all　things　considered
as　things　in　themselves；　be　they　intuited　or　not；　or　by　whatsoever
subject　one　will。　As　to　the　intuitions　of　other　thinking　beings；　we
cannot　judge　whether　they　are　or　are　not　bound　by　the　same
conditions　which　limit　our　own　intuition；　and　which　for　us　are
universally　valid。　If　we　join　the　limitation　of　a　judgement　to　the
conception　of　the　subject；　then　the　judgement　will　possess
unconditioned　validity。　For　example；　the　proposition；　〃All　objects　are
beside　each　other　in　space；〃　is　valid　only　under　the　limitation　that
these　things　are　taken　as　objects　of　our　sensuous　intuition。　But　if
I　join　the　condition　to　the　conception　and　say；　〃All　things；　as
external　phenomena；　are　beside　each　other　in　space；〃　then　the　rule
is　va